Wwrtlf托福独立写作jsp.docx

Wwrtlf托福独立写作jsp.docx

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Wwrtlf托福独立写作jsp

生命是永恒不断的创造，因为在它内部蕴含着过剩的精力，它不断流溢，越出时间和空间的界限，它不停地追求，以形形色色的自我表现的形式表现出来。

－－泰戈尔

托福的独立写作

一、评分准则

1、developmentofthetopic

2、organizationandsupportingdetails

3、coherenceandtransitionwords

4、languageuse

二、作文题目的类型

1、AorB

2、compare/contrastadvantageanddisadvantage

3、agreeordisagree

4、multiplechoice;why,how,what,if

三、作文所涉及的题材

1、教育

2、社会

3、日常生活

四、中国学生的问题

（1）没有一个规范的结构

（2）遗漏了题目中的问题，或对问题没有认真的分析（跑题）

（3）没有进行深层次的解释（无话可写）

（4）不会用英文表达（语言和结构错误）

（5）没做好段落内和段落间的衔接

附：

常见衔接词

1.增补（Addition）

    inaddition,furthermore,again,also,besides,moreover,what`smore,similarly,next,finally.

    2.比较（Comparison）

    inthesameway,likewise,similarly,equally,incomparison,justas

    3.对照（Contrast）

    whereas,incontrast,ontheotherhand,instead,however,nevertheless,unlike,eventhough,onthecontrary,while

    4.因果（Causeandeffect）

    because,becauseof,for,since,dueto,owingto,thanksto,asaresult（of）,accordingly,hence,so,thus

    5.强调（Emphasis）

    certainly,aboveall,indeed,ofcourse,surely,actually,asamatteroffact,chiefly,especially,primarily,inparticular,undoubtedly,absolutely,mostimportant

    6.让步（Concession）

    although,though,afterall,inspiteof,nevertheless,still,provided,whileitistrue....

    7.例证（Exemplification）

    forexample,forinstance,thatis,namely,suchas,inotherwords,inthiscase,bywayofillustration.

    8.总结（Conclusion）

    tosumup,toconclude,inaword,inshort,inbrief,allinall,inall,toputitinanutshell,insummary

    9.推断（Inference）

    therefore,asaresult（of）,consequently,accordingly,so,otherwise

    10.时间和空间（Timeandspace）

    afterward,after,first,later,then,soon,outside,near,beyound,above,below,ontheright（left）,inthemiddle,opposite,infrontof

启

    Aproverbsays......Atpresent.......

    Astheproverbsays....Currently.....

    Generallyspeaking,....Now,....

    Ingeneral,.....OntheWhole....

    Itisclearthat....Recently.....

    Itisoftensaidthat....Withoutdoubt,.......

    承

    First（ofall）,......Moreover,.........

    Firstly,............Noonecandenythat....

    Inthefirstplace,.........Obviously.....

    Tobeginwith,.........Ofcourse,.........

    Also,.......Similarly,.........

    Atthesametime......Therefore,weshouldrealizethat.....

    Certainly......Thereisnodoubtthat.......

    Inaddition,.....What`smore,..........

    Infact........Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat... 

    Meanwhile......

    转

    But...Still,......

    Buttheproblemisnotsosimple... 

    Thereisacertainamountoftruthinthis,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardto.......

    However,.......Tooursurprise,..........

    Nevertheless,........Unfortunately.......

    Ontheotherhand,....... 

    YetdifferencewillbefoundandthatiswhyIfeelthat........

    Othersmayfindthistobetrue,butIdonot.Ithink.....

    合

    Aboveall,Inbrief,........

    Accordingly,.....Inconclusion,........

    Allinall,....... 

    Inotherwords,itishardtoescapetheconclusionthat........

    Asaconsequence,.........Inshort,.........

    AsIhaveshown/said/stated/....Insum,........

    Insummary,.......Ashasbeennoted,....

    Obviously,.........Bysodoing,.....

    Onthewhole,.....Consequently,........

    Presumably,.......Eventually,.........

    Toconclude,......Finally,........

    Tosumup,.....Inaword,......

    Tosummarize,........

五、语言的基础（怎么写句子）

写作的句子

一、英文中句子的概念及类别

A、简单句（带with引导的伴随状语）

With后面接复合宾语的结构，在句子中做状语

（1）with+名词+形容词或副词

Heusedtosleepwithallwindowsopen

Don’ttalkwithyourmouthfull

WithCarmenaway,we’vegotmoreroom.

（2）with+名词+介词短语

Withmake—uponherface,shelooksasifshewereaprincess

（3）with+名词+分词

Sheranintotheroomwithherfacecoveredwithtears.

Shewaswearinganeveningdress,withherhandsrestingonherhips.

B、并列句

C、从句

D、复合句

二、从句

A、主语从句（It引导的主语从句）

（1）itis+adj+that

itisimpossiblethatitisevidentthatitisnecessarythatitisnaturalthat

itisgoodthatitistruethatitislikelythatitisdoubtfulthatitissatisfactorythat

itisessentialthat（……是必不可少的）itisconceivablethat（……..是可以想象的）itisnotablethatitiscertainthatitisreasonablethatitisinappropriatethat

（2）it+不及物动词+that

itseemsthatitsoundsthatithappensthat（恰好）itturnsoutthat（结果是）itfollowsthat（由此可见）

itmaybethatitstandstoreasonthat……是有道理的

（3）itis+名词+that

itisafactthatitisnowonderthat（……难怪）itisagoodthingthatitisapitythat

itisnousethatitisnoharm/goodthatitisacommonknowledgethat（众所周知）

（4）itis+动词的过去分词+that

itissaidthatitisknownthatitisthoughtthatitisbelievedthatitisacceptedthat

itisfoundthatitisreportedthatitisunderstoodthat（不用说）itispointedoutthat

itisproposedthatitisdeclaredthatitisestimatedthatitisclaimedthatitisstressedthat

itisexpectedthatitispredictedthatitishopedthatithasbeenillustratedthatithasbeenobjectedthatitcanbeseenthatitmustbeadmittedthatitcannotbedeniedthat

B、宾语从句

C、定语从句（关系词）

D、状语从句（状语从句的连词）

（1）时间everytimehardly……when……

nosooner…….than……themoment

（2）原因sinceasfor

（3）条件ifso（as）longasunless

（4）比较asif

（5）目的sothatinorderthatlestwemustbehurrylestweshouldmissthebus

（6）结果

（7）让步thoughalthoughevenifdespiteinspiteofasnowthatwhatevernomatterhow

Asfaras

E、同位语从句

三、倒装句

Notintheleastisheinterestedindance.

NotforaninstantdidIbelievehehadlied.

Innosenseisheagentleman

Onnoaccountmustyouleavemealone

Innocasebynomeansonnocondition

四、强调句

Itis…….that……

Itisnotuntil

非谓语结构

动名词

现在分词

过去分词

不定式

六、如何写作

1、写开头

开头包括（写作意图、背景简介、观点的总概），开头不要太长，总的来说开头要“开门见山），不要太多细节，不要重复题目

1、question+answer+position

why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?

Because…….

Whydosetheideaofprogressloomsolargeinthemodernworld?

Surelybecauseprogressofaparticularkindisactuallytakingplacearoundusandisbecomingmoreandmoremanifest.

2、statingconflictviews+position

IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesoftheworldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthebattlefield.Evenifonedidn’tknowfromtheconcreteexamplesthatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatred,onecoulddeduceitfromgeneralprinciples.

Walkingforwalking’ssakemaybeashighlylaudableandexemplaryathingasitisheldtobebythosewhopracticeit.Myobjectiontoitisthatitstopsthebrain.

3、Backgrounddescription+position（最常用型）

Whenitcomesto...,somethink...

Thereisapublicdebatetodaythat...

Aisacommonwayof...,butisitawiseone?

Recentlytheproblemhasbeenbroughtintofocusthat……..

Asthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyaccelerates……….

Theever—changingsocietycreatesopportunitiesforyoungflierstochangetheirjobsconstantly.

Sportsenrichstudents’campuslifeandenergizetheirphysiques.Facedwithimmensepressurefromworkandstudy,moreandmorepeoplebegintorealizetheimportanceofphysicaltraining.However,………..

4、Quotation+position

Wherethereisawillthereistheway.

5Roadmap:

hints（常用于why型）

Twofactorsweighheavilyagainsttheeffectivenessofscientificresearchinindustry.Oneisthegeneralatmosphereofsecrecyinwhichitiscarriedout,theotherthelackoffreedomoftheindividualresearchworker

开头的模版

AorB

SomepeopleholdtheopinionthatAissuperiortoBinmanyways.Others,however,contradictA.personally,Iwouldprefer（）becauseIthink（）hasmoreadvantages.

Asstudents,wealwaysfacethecircumstances:

AorB.Thereareadvantagesanddisadvantagesonbothsides.Accordingtomypersonalityandfondness,Iwouldprefer（）ratherthan（）.

COMPARE&CONTRAST

Somepeoplebelievethat（）.otherpeopletaketheviewthat（）.Whilebothmethodsmayhavetheirmeritsanddemerits,theycanbeappliedunderdifferentcircumstances.Afterwards,Iwillexplainmyopinion.

IcompletelydisagreewiththisstatementthatchoosingAhasmoreadvantagesthanchoosingB.andIwouldliketopresenttwoexplanationstoconfirmyouthatIamright.

AGREEorDISAGREE

Thisproblemismuchdebatedoneinthatitaffectseverybodyintheirdailylives.Peoplemaypreferonetoanother,althoughsomehavenoopinionaboutit.ButifIamconcerned,Icanonlydisagreewiththetitlestatementandthereasonsaregivenbelow.

Idostronglysupporttheideathat（）.Isupportwiththefollowingreasons.

CHOICE&EXPLANATION

Howtodo（）?

WhetherthetraditionalmethodssuchasA,BandsoonorthemodernmethodslikeCandD.whichyoupreferdependsonyourownexperience,lifestyleandemotionalconcern.Iprefer（）mostinmypointofview.TherearethreeadvantagesofCasfollows.

2、写主体段（一般三个段落）

段落的构成：

主题句（topicsentence）和支持句（supportingsentences）,其中支持句的的来源可以是：

事例、假设、解释、名人名言、谚语、数据。

事例是最好的选择。

Examples:

Nuclearpowerisfartoodangerous.Therefore,countiesshouldbanitsuseandconcentrate,instead,ondevelopingalternativesourcesofenergysuchashydroelectricpower,windpowerandsolarenergy.Whataboutyouropinion?

A

Topicsentence:

Oneofthemainbenefitsofnuclearpoweristhatitdoesn’tusenaturalresourcessuchascoa