苔丝与海斯特悲剧命运的对比分析.docx
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苔丝与海斯特悲剧命运的对比分析.docx
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苔丝与海斯特悲剧命运的对比分析
Contents
1.Introduction4
2.ExternalFactorsAttributingtotheFateoftheTwoHeroines5
2.1PoorFamilyandEconomicCondition5
2.2SocialBackgrounds5
2.3Women’sLowStatus6
2.4TwoMeninTheirLives7
3.InternalFactorsAttributingtotheFateoftheTwoHeroines9
3.1DifferentPersonalities9
3.2DifferentAttitudestowardLove11
3.3DifferentWaysofCommunication12
4.DifferentEnding14
5.Conclusion14
Bibliography16
Acknowledgements17
苔丝与海斯特悲剧命运的对比分析
摘要
苔丝·德伯和海斯特·白兰分别是哈代和霍桑作品中塑造的两个著名的女性形象。
虽然她们生活在不同的时代,不同的区域,但是两人却有着许多极其相似的地方,特别是她们的悲剧命运和起因。
她们都有着美丽的外表和纯朴善良的心;她们都是两个男人的受害者;她们都经历了痛苦、磨难、反抗和追求幸福的心灵历程。
她们的遭遇都反映了传统道德、虚伪的宗教及男权思想对妇女的压抑和摧残,她们的反抗和追求幸福的历程同样表现了女性对于平等权利和自由的追求。
她们的社会背景和经历极其相似:
相似的家庭背景和经济条件,当时妇女地位的低下和两人相似的悲惨遭遇,但同时两个人在性格上又有着很大的不同,从而导致了她们最终命运截然不同。
一个是在与命运的抗争中获得了新生,另一个则在不幸的挣扎中遭到毁灭。
本文通过对作品中外部因素和内部因素的对比分析,揭示了造成她们悲剧命运的复杂根源,同时论证了二人性格上的差异是决定她们各自命运的关键因素。
关键词:
悲剧命运;内因;外因;相似;不同;
AComparativeStudyofTragicDestiny
betweenTessandHester
Abstract
HesterPrynneandTessaretwoeminentfemalefiguresintheworksbyNathanielHawthorneandThomasHardy.Thetwoheroinesthoughliveindifferenttimes,differentplaces,sharealotincommoninmanyperspectives,especiallyintheirmisfortunesandthecausesoftheirtragedies.Bothofthemarephysicallyattractiveandkindhearted;bothofthemarevictimsoftwomen;bothofthemexperiencegreathardships;andbothofthemhavegonethroughdifficultiesandmisfortunesandrevoltedagainsttheirfatebravely.Theirtragediesrevealthesuppressionandpersecutionfromthesocialconventions,hypocriticalreligionandthepatriarchalsociety.Theirrevoltandthecourseofpursuitofloveandhappinessshowtheirfeminineconsciousnessofequalrightsandfreedom.Theirbackgroundsandexperiencesareextremelysimilar:
similarfamilybackgroundsandeconomicstatus,women’slowstatusandsimilartragicexperiences.But,atthesametime,TessandHesterhavealotdifferencesinpersonalities,whichleadtotheirfinaldifferentfate—oneassumesanewlifethroughthefightagainstfate,theotherisdestroyedinthestruggle.Byanalyzingtheexternalandinternalfactorsattributingtothefateoftheheroines,thisthesisrevealsthecommoncausesoftheirtragiclife.Andbycomparingthecommongroundsanddifferencesbetweenthepersonalitiesofthetwoheroines,thethesisalsoconcludesthattheirdifferentcharacteristicsarecriticalcausestothefinaldestinyoftheirown.
Keywords:
tragicdestiny;externalfactors;internalfactors;similarities;differences
AComparativeStudyofTragicDestiny
betweenTessandHester
苔丝与海斯特悲剧命运的对比分析
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1.Introduction
TessandHesterarethetwomostexcellentfeminineartisticimagesmoldedrespectivelybyNathanielHawthorneandThomasHardy.TessoftheD’UrbervillesdrawfromalovetragedywhichhappenedVictorianBritishcountry;whileTheScarletLetterissetinthe17thcenturyNewEnglandwhichisunderthedominationofNorthAmericanPuritan,ittellsalovetragedyhappenedinBoston.
Thetwoheroineshaveamazingsimilarcausesoftragicfate.However,theyowndifferentdestinies.Thoughlivingindifferentagesandplaces,TessandHesterarethefeministrepresentativesintheirownages.Inthepursuitoftheirownhappiness,bothofthemsufferthecriticismfromsocietyandliveapainfullife.Intheirlovetragedies,bothTessandHesterbearthesufferingalonefortheirbelovedandbeartheinjusticepunishmentexertedbythesociety.
Thisthesiswillanalyzetheexternalandinternalfactorsthatattributetothefateofthetwoheroines.Theybothliveinapoorfamily,facingeconomicproblems,andhavesimilarexperiencesintheiryouth,buttheyhavedifferentendings.Itismainlybecausetheyhavedifferentpersonalitiesanddifferentattitudestowardlove.Tess’sweakcharacterfinallyresultsinherunavoidabletragedy,whileHestermakeseveryefforttochangehersituation,strugglingagainstthehypocriticalreligionincessantlyandshefinallygainspeople’saffirmation.
2.ExternalFactorsAttributingtotheFateoftheTwoHeroines
2.1PoorFamilyandEconomicCondition
2.1.1APoorFamily
Tessisborninapoorfamilywhichisadecliningaristocraticone.Thestraitenedfinancialcircumstanceofthefamilymakesherlivewithgreatdifficulty.Fromtheverybeginningofthestory,herfamilyoccupiesthepoorfarmer'sstatus.Whenthenag,theonlyeconomicbasisoftheirlivelihood,ishitanddies,thefamilygoesbankruptimmediately.ItisonlythenthatTessstepsontoaroaddifferentfromthepast.Becauseofthebankrupt,TesshasnootherchoicebuttoclaimkinwithD'UrbervillesfamilyinTrantridge,acounterfeitrelativewithsamesurname.
HesterisextremelysimilartoTessinthefamilybackground.Shealsolivesinthebottomofsocietywithanimpoverishedfamily,havingnoalternatives.It’sanancientaristocraticfamilyoftheoldEngland,whichdeclinesgradually;naturallythereisnobigwildhopeaboutmarriageinher.Itisalsooutofthehelplesslifethattheparentsmarryherwithanoldman,whoisbodilyfeebleandabnormal.
2.1.2PoorEconomicCondition
Tess’sandHester’stragediesaredecidedbytheirbackwardcurrenteconomicconditions.Theimpoverishedeconomyisthefirstdirectreasonthatcausestheirunfortunatedestinies.Theirfamilybackgroundsaresimilar,theyarebothborninapoorfamilywhichareatthebottomofthesociety.Tessisabeautifulcountrygirl,borninadecliningaristocraticfamily.Inordertochangethebadimpoverishedcondition,hermotherlethertogotoD'Urbervilles,sheisunwillingtogoatfirst.Butwhenshethinksofthenag-theonlyeconomicbasisoftheirlivelihoodwasdied,foraliving,Tesshastogivein.ThisburiestheforeshadowingfortheinsultshesufferedfromAlecandisthecauseofaseriesoftragedies.
HesterisborninaBritishfamily,itisanancientaristocraticfamilybutverypoor.HerparentshavetomarryherwithChillingworthwhoisanoldhypocriticalscholar,shehasnochoicebuttomarrytheoldman,whoisbodilyfeebleandabnormal.Itisfromthismomentthatherprologueoflifetragedybegins.
2.2SocialBackgrounds
ThebackgroundofTessoftheD’UrbervillesistheEnglishcountrysideattheendofthenineteenthcentury.Firstofall,thesocietyfaceshugechanges,theindustrialrevolutiondestroystheBritishruraltraditionalnaturaleconomy,traditionalagriculture’sdestructionmakesalotoffarmerslosetheirlandandbecomeworkers.Theylovetheirlandbutcan’tstoptheinvasion;theirignoranceandparochialismmakethemconfused.Inordertosurvive,alargenumberoffarmersleavetheirhometown.Theysufferfromexploitationoftheeconomy,oppressionofthespiritandsacrificeoftheemotion.Tess’sfamilyisalsoinsuchacondition.Secondly,althoughthecapitalisticmodeofproductionhasplayedthedominantroleinthenineteenthcenturyoftheVictorianperiod,thefeudaltraditionalmoralstillboundtopeople’sthoughtsandthesocialmoralprejudicestillexists.AfterTessisinsultedbyAlec,sheshouldhavebeenavictim,butbecomesanimmoralbadwomanwhohastobeartheiniquity.IthitsTessheavilythatAngelClareabandonsherforBrazilruthlesslyafterheknowsthepastofher.Facingthetraditionalconceptandthefeudaldecayedforces,Tesscannotgetridofthetraditionalmorality.AlltheseleadtoTess’stragicending.
TheScarletLetteriswrittenintheseventeenthcentury,thePuritancolonialruleintheBostonasthebackground.ThePuritanshopetopurifythesystemandceremonyofthechurch,theyarenotallowedtohavepaganideas.Puritansocietyboundshumannaturewiththeformofmoralimperative.Hesterlivesinsuchanerathatextremereligiousdoctrinesdestructthehumannature.Adulteryisaseriousbreachofthepilgrims’rules.Hesterfallsinlovewiththepriest-Dimmesdale,itiscertaintobepunishedunderthebackgroundofthesocietyatthattime.Shemustwearthescarletletter“A”inherchestandbeinsultedinpublic.ThePuritanreligiousconsciousnessdeeplyinfectseveryoneincludingHester.Aftersheisinsultedinthepublic,shedoesn’tescape,buttostayalonetobeginthelong“sin”lifeinahardenvironment.Thescarletletter“A”inherchestremindsherofthesin,andalsokeepsherworkingforatoningforhercrime.ThetragedyofHesterisinevitable.
2.3Women’sLowStatus
TessandHesterarebothwomen.Inthecapitalistsociety,thestatusesofmanandwomenarenotequal.Women’sstatusisverylow;theycannotenjoyequalrightswithmen.Mencandoanythingtheywanttomeettheirdesiresandtheyareproudofitwhilewomencannotdoanythingagainstthemoral.Itwillbeconsideredacrimeifawomandosomethingagainstthemoral.Thisdeterminesthatthefemalecannotescapefromthedominanceofthemaleandthefate.
InthestoryTessoftheD’Urbervilles,Alecisafrivolousamorist,abuckwhoidlesaboutalldaylong.HeseducesTessbysweetwords.Heshouldhavebeenpunished,buthecangetawaywithmurderinthepatriarchalsystematthattime.WhileTessisaninnocentvictim,shemustbearthecrimeofimpurityjustbecausesheisawoman.ItisfunnythatTessmetAlecthesecondtime,hebecameaChristianwhoisfullofevilandshouldbeacriminal.Andanotherhero,AngelClare,hehasthemaleeducationthathecannotacceptthefactthatTessisnotpurethoughitisnotherfault.FinallyheabandonsherruthlesslyandgoestoBrazilalone.Angel’slovetoTessisshallow,heregardedTessasapureandperfectidolinhismind,hecannotstandthedestructionofthegoodimage.IfitisAlecwhohasruinedTes
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