工程管理专业英语教程.docx
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工程管理专业英语教程.docx
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工程管理专业英语教程
工程管理专业英语
(二)
ProfessionalEnglishForEngineeringManagement(Ⅱ)
教程
COURSE
长沙理工大学工程管理系
2012年11月
Lesson1Bidding
TextAInvitationtoBid
Theinvitationtobidissometimesknownbysuchnames“noticetobidders”,“Advertisementforbids,”“requestforproposals”,andthelike,buttheintentisalwaysthesame:
tobrieflydescribetheprojecttopropectivebiddersandtoinvitetheirbidsonthework.
Sincetheinvitationtobidisoftenclassedasoneoftheconstructioncontractdocuments,isitalwaysessentialtoincludeoneintheset?
Theanswerisaresounding“No!
”.Aninvitationshouldbeextendedtoprospectivebiddersonlywhensuchbidsarewanted,andtherearemanytimeswhenopenbiddingisnottheorderoftheday.Forinstance,ifyouhavealreadyselectedyourgeneralcontractorandthisistobea“negotiated”contract,itwouldbefoolishtoissueaninvitationtootherbidderstomakeproposals.Theinvitationservesnopurposeotherthantoattractprospectivebiddersbytellingthembrieflywhatthejobisandhowtheygoaboutsecuringcopiesofthedocumentstobidupon.Ifyoualreadyhaveenoughbidders,andyouhavesecuredthembyothermeanssuchaspersonalcontactorpreviousnotice,thereislittlemeaningtotheritualofaformalgilt-edgedinvitationtoyourpartyifyoudon’treallywantmoreguests.
Ontheotherhand,anytimeyourprojectisonthemoneyfromthepubliccoffersyoucanalmostdependonhavingalegalrequirementthattheworkbeadvertisedinanewspaperofgeneralcirculationundercarefullyprescribedformat.Youarealmostneverallowedtolimitthenumberofbiddersonpublicwork.Therefore,inpublicyoucanrelyonthenecessityofincludingaformalinvitationtobidaspartofyourconstructioncontractdocuments.
Therequirementarose,ofcourse,outoftheold-timeback-roomdealingsamongpoliticalcronieswherelucrativecontractswereawardedingreatsecrecyforfantasticlevelsofprofit,whichmeltedintovariousprivatebankaccounts.Themethodusedtocurethisabusewastohighlypublicizetheavailabilityofallpubliclyfundedconstructionprojectsandtoinviteparticipationbyallqualifiedparties.Whetherthiswastrulycuredtheabusesisnotknownforcertainbutitisanobviousfactthatduplicityhasbecomemoredifficultunderit.Whenyourpurposeistoreceivethebroadestpossiblenumberofcompetitivebidsforthegeneralcontract,youshouldtakethetimetocomposeabriefbutattractive,invitationtoassureyou’llhaveenoughgueststojustifytheocassion.
Remembernowthatwearetalkingintermsofthegeneralcontractunderaclassicsituationasdescribedearlier.Wewillhaveenoughworksortingouttheproposalswereceivefromthosegeneralcontractorswithoutcomplicatingitbydelvingintothefortyorsotradeswhichmakeupeventhesmallestproject.Itisthegeneralcontractor’sresposibilitytodiguphissubs-fromwhereverhecanandhewillissuehisownformofinvitationtobidtothemprobablybyvariousmeans.
Inmanyoftheaveragesmallerprojects,alistofselectedbiddersiscomposedduringcompletionofworkingdrawings.Bythetimethedocumentsarereadyforissuetobidders,itisoffenknownwhowillbebiddingandwhowillnotbeasked.Ifthelistissmall,saythreeorfourbidders,nothingisreallygainedbytheformalityofissuinganofficialnotice.Ontheotherhand,whenthenumberofprospectivebiddersexceedsthreeorfour,itiswelltosetdownquitepreciselyallofthepertinentdataregardingbid:
openingdates,amountofdepositrequiredforsetsofducuments,wheretheymaybesecured,whomayattendthebidopening,andotherrelevantinformation.
Nowthereareafewraremethodicalindividualswhoprefertohaveadotoverevery“i”andacrossonevery“t”andwhomightprefertoissueaninvitationtobidoneveryproject.Couldtheygetintotroublebyit?
Iratherdoubttheywould.Anypersonsomethodicalwouldmorethanlikelyalsobecautiousandwouldbesurethatwhatwassaidintheinvitationtobidwasaccurateandprecise.Itisnicelytoformalizetheinvitationdataand,ifyoucanaffordtotakethetimetodosooneveryproject,yougorightaheadandhavefun.Remember,though,thatifyoursolebidderisalreadyselectedandyoudefinitelydonotwishtoreceivebidsfromothers,youmayhaveadelicatetimewendingyourwaythroughtheverbiagerequiredtoexplainthatsituationproperly.
Theformulaforwritinganinvitationtobidissimpleandclear-cut:
bebriefandincludeanswerstothefollowingcondition.
ProjectIndentificationClearlyidentifytheprojectbyitsofficial-name(usedthroughtheconstructioncontractdocuments:
list,wherepossible,thenameoftheowner,thenameoftheArchitect,thelocationoftheproject,itsofficialprojectnumber(ifithasone)andthelike.
DescriptionoftheworkInfiftytoahundredwords,tellwhattheprojectincludes(bidderswouldlikeyoutotellthemwhattheconstructionbudgetisaswellbutmostofusarereluctanttodoso),soaprospectivebiddercaneasilydecidewhetherthisisaprojectofhistypeornot.
TypesofbidsrequiredFortheclassicsituation,youareonlyinterstedinbidsonageneralcontractandnotinsegregatedbids.Butwhateveryourwish,makeitclearatthispoint.
BidopeningBrieflytellwhereandwhenbidswillbereceived,whereandwhentheywillbeopened,andwhomayattendtheopening.Somearchitectsmakearegularpartyoutofthebidopeningandserveanythingfromteaandcakestobeerandcocktailsattheirbidopenings(alwaysafterthebidsareopened),apparentlyonthetheorythattheluckylowmanwillwanttocelebrateandtheunluckyothersneedsomethinginwhichtodrowntheirsorrowormakethelosingeasiertobear.Otherarchitectsmakethisacoldsoberno-nonsenseaffairandquiteafeweveninsistonprivacyatthetimeofopening.Whateveryourchoice,stateithere.
DocumentsItisimportanttoclearlystatewherethedocumentsmaybeviewedandwhenaswellasunderwhatconditionssetsofthedocumentsmaybesecured.Somearchitectsgiveastatednumberofsetstoeachqualifiedbidder;othersrequireadeposittobeleftforeachsetinanamountgenerallyequaltothecostofreproduction;stillothersrequirethatthebidderpostanon-refundabledepositforeachset(oronlyaportionofthedepositedamountwillberefunded).Sincethesepracticeisvaryfromfirmtofirm,itisessentialthatyouspellouthowyouwillhandlethem.
BiddepositrequirementItisnotunusualforabidderwhowasconsiderablylowerthanhiscompetitorstoworryaboutwhyhewassomuchlowerandtrytowithdrawhisbid.BiddepositsaredesignedtocompensatetheOwnerandArchitectforlosttimeandeffortinhavingtorepeatthebiddingprocessortocommencenegotiationswiththesecondlowestbidder.Thedepositisusuallyintheformofa“bond”postedbythebidderbutsuppliedthroughthebidder’sregularbondingsurely,oftenasnofeetothebidder.Youshouldstatewhetherornotabidbondwillberequiredandifitisrequired,theamountandthetypeofbondacceptable.
Pre-qualificationManyprojects(evenpubliclyfinanced)arenotopentothebidsofeveryonewhowouldliketobeacontractor;pre-qualificationsareoftenset.Forexample,specializedconstructionsuchastunnels,docksorbridgesmighteasilyrequirethatthebidderbequalifiedbypreviousexperienceacceptabletotheOwnerbeforehewillevenallowedtobid.Oneofthenewerpre-qualificationrequirementshastodowith“EqualEmploymentOpportunity”programsandthebiddermustdemonstrateafunctioningEEOprogramasapartofhisregularoperationbeforeheisallowedtobid.Ifanypre-qualificationarepartofyourprogram,youshouldsostatehere.
BidrejectionTraditionally,ownersandarchitectshavewantedtoreservetherighttowaiveirregularityinbidsandtorejectanyorallbids.Inotherwords,despiteallthesafeguardsofcarefullypickingovertheavailablebiddersbeforeissuingthemaninvitation,andallthedetailedinstructionsthatarethenissuedtotheacceptedbidders,thereisstillachancethatsomegoodguyswillflubthisbidbeinglateornotsendingenoughcopiesorsomesquallytrivialinfractionofyourrulesandthusbedisqualifiedunlessyoucansavehim.Thereisalsothechancethatthelowmanmayhavesuddenlybecomeundesirableduringthebiddingperiodandyoudon’twanthimanymore.Thisminorprovisionhasbeenhallowedbyyearsofuseandwillprobablybewithusforagreatmanymore.Thereisenoughexperiencewithittowarrantcontinuedinclusion.
LegalrequirementGovernmentalagenciesthathavebeeninexistenceforanyperiodoftimealwayshavetheirownformatfortheinvitationtobid(orwhatevertheyhappentocallit),andgenerallythelawsgoverningcareanduseofpublicmoneyprescribecertainmagicwordsandincantationstoinclude.Ifyoursisapubliclyfinancedproject,theinvitationmaybewrittenforyoubyyourclient’slegalstaff.Ifitisleftuptoyou,goodsensedictatesthatyoupasstheroughdraftbyyourownlegalcounselandthatofyourclientbeforeitispublished.
Ifyourinvitationtobidisreallybeingdistributedbroadllytoalargenumberofprospectivebiddders,youmightverywellsenditintheformofaletter.Youmightalsopublishitasapaidadinthelocalnewspaperintheareaofconstruction.Rememberthattheinvitationispreciselythatkindof“invitation”whichcanbeacceptedordeclined.
Ifyourlistofprospectivebiddersisalsosmallthatitcontainsonlythosewhowillactivelyworkatthebiddingprocess,youcandoasmostarchitectsdoandmerelyincludetheinvitationa
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