APA Citation Style1.docx
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APA Citation Style1.docx
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APACitationStyle1
APACitationStyle
APAcitationstylereferstotherulesandconventionsestablishedbytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationfordocumentingsourcesusedinaresearchpaper.APAstylerequiresbothin-textcitationsandareferencelist.Foreveryin-textcitationthereshouldbeafullcitationinthereferencelistandviceversa.
TheexamplesofAPAstylesandformatslistedonthispageincludemanyofthemostcommontypesofsourcesusedinacademicresearch.ForadditionalexamplesandmoredetailedinformationaboutAPAcitationstyle,refertothePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationandtheAPAStyleGuidetoElectronicReferences.
Also,forautomaticgenerationofcitationsinappropriatecitationstyle,useabibliographiccitationmanagementprogramsuchasRefworksorEndNote.YoucanfindmoreinformationonthisinourCitationManagementpage.
ReferenceCitationsinText
InAPAstyle,in-textcitationsareplacedwithinsentencesandparagraphssothatitisclearwhatinformationisbeingquotedorparaphrasedandwhoseinformationisbeingcited.
Examples:
WorksbyaSingleAuthor
Thelastnameoftheauthorandtheyearofpublicationareinsertedinthetextattheappropriatepoint.
fromtheoryonboundedrationality(Simon,1945)
Ifthenameoftheauthororthedateappearaspartofthenarrativeciteonlymissinginformationinparentheses.
Simon(1945)positedthat
In1945Simonpositedthat
WorksbyMultipleAuthors
Whenaworkhastwoauthors,alwayscitebothnameseverytimethereferenceoccursinthetext.Inparentheticalmaterialjointhenameswithanampersand(&).
ashasbeenshown(Leiter&Maslach,1998)
Inthenarrativetext,jointhenameswiththeword"and."
asLeiterandMaslach(1998)demonstrated
Whenaworkhasthree,four,orfiveauthors,citeallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs.
Kahneman,Knetsch,&Thaler(1991)found
Inallsubsequentcitationsperparagraph,includeonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowedby"etal."(Latinfor"andothers")andtheyearofpublication.
Kahnemanetal.(1991)found
WorksbyAssociations,Corporations,GovernmentAgencies,etc.
Thenamesofgroupsthatserveasauthors(corporateauthors)areusuallywrittenouteachtimetheyappearinatextreference.
(NationalInstituteofMentalHealth[NIMH],2007)
Whenappropriate,thenamesofsomecorporateauthorsarespelledoutinthefirstreferenceandabbreviatedinallsubsequentcitations.ThegeneralruleforabbreviatinginthismanneristosupplyenoughinformationinthetextcitationforareadertolocateitssourceintheReferenceListwithoutdifficulty.
(NIMH,2007)
WorkswithNoAuthor
Whenaworkhasnoauthor,usethefirsttwoorthreewordsofthework'stitle(omittinganyinitialarticles)asyourtextreference,capitalizingeachword.Placethetitleinquotationmarksifitreferstoanarticleorchapterofabook.Italicizethetitleifitreferstoabook,periodical,brochure,orreport.
onclimatechange("ClimateandWeather,"1997)
GuidetoAgriculturalMeteorologicalPractices(1981)
Anonymousauthorsshouldbelistedassuchfollowedbyacommaandthedate.
onclimatechange(Anonymous,2008)
SpecificPartsofaSource
Tociteaspecificpartofasource(alwaysnecessaryforquotations),includethepage,chapter,etc.(withappropriateabbreviations)inthein-textcitation.
(Stigter&Das,1981,p.96)
DeWaal(1996)overstatedthecasewhenheassertedthat"weseemtobereaching...fromthehandsofphilosophers"(p.218).
Ifpagenumbersarenotincludedinelectronicsources(suchasweb-basedjournals),providetheparagraphnumberprecededbytheparagraphsymbolortheheadingandfollowingparagraph.
(Mönnich&Spiering,2008¶9)
ReferenceList
ReferencescitedinthetextofaresearchpapermustappearinaReferenceListorbibliography.Thislistprovidestheinformationnecessarytoidentifyandretrieveeachsource.
∙Order:
Entriesshouldbearrangedinalphabeticalorderbyauthors'lastnames.Sourceswithoutauthorsarearrangedalphabeticallybytitlewithinthesamelist.
∙Authors:
Writeoutthelastnameandinitialsforallauthorsofaparticularwork.Useanampersand(&)insteadoftheword"and"whenlistingmultipleauthorsofasinglework.e.g.Smith,J.D.,&Jones,M.
∙Titles:
Capitalizeonlythefirstwordofatitleorsubtitle,andanypropernamesthatarepartofatitle.
∙Pagination:
Usetheabbreviationp.orpp.todesignatepagenumbersofarticlesfromperiodicalsthatdonotusevolumenumbers,especiallynewspapers.Theseabbreviationsarealsousedtodesignatepagesinencyclopediaarticlesandchaptersfromeditedbooks.
∙Indentation*:
Thefirstlineoftheentryisflushwiththeleftmargin,andallsubsequentlinesareindented(5to7spaces)toforma"hangingindent".
∙Underliningvs.Italics*:
Itisappropriatetouseitalicsinsteadofunderliningfortitlesofbooksandjournals.
Twoadditionalpiecesofinformationshouldbeincludedforworksaccessedonline.
∙InternetAddress**:
AstableInternetaddressesshouldbeincludedandshoulddirectthereaderascloseaspossibletotheactuallywork.Iftheworkhasadigitalobjectidentifier(DOI),usethis.IfthereisnoDOIorsimilarhandle,useastableURL.IftheURLisnotstable,asisoftenthecasewithonlinenewspapersandsomesubscription-baseddatabases,usethehomepageofthesiteyouretrievedtheworkfrom.
∙Date:
Iftheworkisafinalizedversionpublishedanddated,asinthecaseofajournalarticle,thedatewithinthemainbodyofthecitationisenough.However,iftheworkisnotdatedand/orissubjecttochange,asinthecaseofanonlineencyclopediaarticle,includethedatethatyouretrievedtheinformation.
*TheAPAhasspecialformattingstandardsfortheuseofindentationanditalicsinmanuscriptsorpapersthatwillbetypesetorsubmittedforofficialpublication.Formoredetailedinformationonthesepublicationstandards,refertothePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,orconsultwithyourinstructorsoreditorstodeterminetheirstylepreferences.
**SeetheAPAStyleGuidetoElectronicReferencesforinformationonhowtoformatURLsthattakeupmorethanoneline.
Examples:
ArticlesinJournals,Magazines,andNewspapers
Referencestoperiodicalarticlesmustincludethefollowingelements:
author(s),dateofpublication,articletitle,journaltitle,volumenumber,issuenumber(ifapplicable),andpagenumbers.
JournalArticle,oneauthor,accessedonline
Ku,G.(2008).Learningtode-escalate:
Theeffectsofregretinescalationofcommitment.OrganizationalBehaviorandHumanDecisionProcesses,105
(2),221-232.doi:
10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002
JournalArticle,twoauthors,accessedonline
Sanchez,D.,&King-Toler,E.(2007).Addressingdisparitiesconsultationandoutreachstrategiesforuniversitysettings.ConsultingPsychologyJournal:
PracticeandResearch,59(4),286-295.doi:
10.1037/1065-9293.59.4.286
JournalArticle,morethantwoauthors,accessedonline
VanVugt,M.,Hogan,R.,&Kaiser,R.B.(2008).Leadership,followership,andevolution:
Somelessonsfromthepast.AmericanPsychologist,63(3),182-196.doi:
10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182
ArticlefromanInternet-onlyjournal
Hirtle,P.B.(2008,July-August).Copyrightrenewal,copyrightrestoration,andthedifficultyofdeterminingcopyrightstatus.D-LibMagazine,14(7/8).doi:
10.1045/july2008-hirtle
Journalarticlefromasubscriptiondatabase(noDOI)
Colvin,G.(2008,July21).Informationworthbillions.Fortune,158
(2),73-79.RetrievedfromBusinessSourceComplete,EBSCO.
Magazinearticle,inprint
Kluger,J.(2008,January28).Whywelove.Time,171(4),54-60.
Newspaperarticle,noauthor,inprint
Aspricessurge,ThailandpitchesOPEC-stylericecartel.(2008,May5).TheWallStreetJournal,p.A9.
Newspaperarticle,multipleauthors,discontinuouspages,inprint
Delaney,K.J.,Karnitschnig,M.,&Guth,R.A.(2008,May5).MicrosoftendspursuitofYahoo,reassessesitsonlineoptions.TheWallStreetJournal,pp.A1,A12.
Books
Referencestoanentirebookmustincludethefollowingelements:
author(s)oreditor(s),dateofpublication,title,placeofpublication,andthenameofthepublisher.
NoAuthororEditor,inprint
Merriam-Webster'scollegiatedictionary(11thed.).(2003).Springfield,MA:
Merriam-Webster.
OneAuthor,inprint
Kidder,T.(1981).Thesoulofanewmachine.Boston:
Little,Brown&Company.
TwoAuthors,inprint
Frank,R.H.,&Bernanke,B.(2007).Principlesofmacro-economics(3rded.).Boston:
McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
CorporateAuthor,AuthorasPublisher,accessedonline
AustralianBureauofStatistics.(2000).Tasmanianyearbook2000(no.1301.6).Canberra,AustralianCapitalTerritory:
Author.Retreivedfromhttp:
//www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/CA2568710006989...$File/13016_2000.pdf
Editedbook
Gibbs,J.T.,&Huang,L.N.(Eds.).(2001).Childrenofcolor:
Psychologicalinterventionswithculturallydiverseyouth.SanFrancisco:
Jossey-Bass.
Dissertations
Referencesfordissertationsshouldincludethefollowingelements:
author,dateofpublication,title,andinstitution(ifyouaccessedthemanuscriptcopyfromtheuniversitycollections).IfthereisaUMInumberoradatabaseaccessionnumber,includeitattheendofthecitation.
Dissertation,accessedonline
Young,R.F.(2007).Crossingboundariesinurbanecology:
Pathwaystosustainablecities.RetrievedfromProQuestDissertations&Theses.(AT3276815)
EssaysorChaptersinEditedBooks
Referencestoanessayorchapt
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