中考英语的句法和词法名词学案.docx
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中考英语的句法和词法名词学案.docx
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中考英语的句法和词法名词学案
中考英语的句法和词法----名词学案
初中英语10大词类详解+用法+考点,史上最全!
一、词性的分类
词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。
1.名词 noun n.student 学生:
用来表示人或物名称的词,也表示抽象概念或地点等
2.代词 pronounpron.you你:
英语中非常活跃的一类词,常用来代替名词,且常常跟在介词或动词后面,
形成介词宾语或动词宾语
3.形容词 adjectiveadj.happy高兴的:
用来描述名词用的一类词,表示该名词的性质或状态,有比较级的
形式,在句子中做定语,表语或补语
4.副词 adverbadv.quickly迅速地:
用来修饰动词的词,也可用来修饰形容词,副词,或者句子,说明时
间,地点,程度,方式等
5.动词 verbv.cut砍、割:
表示状态或动作,是一个句子的核心,也是英语中变化最多端的一类词
6.数词 numeralnum.three三:
表示数量或顺序的一类词,有基数词和序数词之分
7.冠词 articleart.a一个:
英语中词汇最少的一类词,用来帮助说明名词的含义,置于名词之前
8.介词 prepositionprep.at在...:
用来表示时间,地点,或词与词,句与句之间关系的一类词,不能单
独做句子的成份,后面肯定有个宾语,构成介词宾语,所以介词后加宾格
9.连词 conjunctionconj.and和:
必须用来连接词和词,词组和词组,句子和句子,表现并列关系或主从
复合等逻辑关系
10.感叹词 interjectioninterj.oh哦:
表达喜怒哀乐等情绪的词,用感叹号表示
前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。
名词
名词的可数与不可数,及可数名词的复数形式
I.辨别下列单词是可数名词还是不可数名词
call cartoon coin eye exercise fingernail
foodhaircuthomeworkhourjob money
news paperpersonpostage truck weather
II.将下列名词变成复数形式
(1)The_______areplayingfootball.(boy)
(2)Weare_______,weliveinChina.(Chinese)
(3)TheseareLucy’s_______.(box)
(4)Howmany_______arethereinthevillage?
(woman)
(5)Oneofthe________isaYoungPioneer.(girl)
(6)Ihavetwo(leg) _______and_______.(foot)
名词的单复数变化规则:
1.直接+s
2.以s,sh,ch,x结尾的单词+es
3.以y结尾的,去y+ies
4.以o结尾的词,只有以下的+es;Negro,tomato,potato,hero,zero
5.以fe,f结尾的单词,去fe,f+ves:
city,life,wife,wolf
C:
不规则的可数名词的变化规则:
小老鼠爬灯台,偷油吃下不来。
男人当警察,保护妇女跟儿童;
英国人的牙咬了法国人的脚;
养了一头日本羊,送给了中国人;
养了一头鹿跟鹅,卖给了瑞士人。
1.man—men,woman—women,tooth—teeth,foot—feet, goose—geesechild—children,mouse—mice,
2.单复数相同:
sheep,deer,Chinese,JapaneseSwiss.
3.以man,woman修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.
manservant—menservants.区别(boy/girlstudents)
名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加“‘s”来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:
ateacher’sbook。
名词所有格的规则如下:
(1)单数名词词尾加“'s”,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加“'s”,如theboy‘sbag男孩的书包,men’sroom男厕所。
(2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加“'”,如:
theworkers’struggle工人的斗争。
(3)介词of短语来表示所有关系amapoftheworld;
Of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词,表示双重所有格afriendofmyfather’safriendofmine
**名词词尾加’s还可以表示某人的家或某个店铺Myaunt’sthedoctor’s
**2人共有某物的时候,在后面一个名称上加’s就可以了lindaandlucy’sroom
名词的主谓一致
1.主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词的时候,谓语用单数形式
Thecomputerisagreatinvention.
2.Chinese,Japanese,people一般情况下用复数,glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves,pants往往以复数形式出现,谓语也用复数
3.几个经常使用的短语
both….and….
either….or….
neither…..nor
4.Therebe句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定
5.主语中含有with短语的时候,谓语的单复数由with之前的事物决定
Awomanwitha7-year-oldchildwasstandingatthesideoftheroad.
Awomananda7-year-oldchildwerestandingatthesideoftheroad.
来找错1.Thisisapairoftrouser.
2.Hegavemesomeadvices.
3.Thepoliceislookingforhim.
4.Whenthecatisaway,themouseswillplay.
易错知识点清单
1. information,message,news
1) information作“信息”解,通常指在阅读、观察、谈话或书信往来中特别关注的消息、情报、资料等。
它侧重内容,是不可数名词。
如:
They must find out some information about planes to Kunming as quickly as possible.他们必须尽快查到有关飞往昆明班机的信息。
(2)news作“新闻”解,一般指通过广播、电视、报纸等新闻媒体向大众发布的社会各方面的最新消息,它侧重一个“新”字,是不可数名词。
如:
There's a piece of interesting news in today's newspaper.在今天的报纸上有一条有趣的消息。
No news is good news.没消息就是好消息。
(3)message作“音信”解,一般指口头传递的或书写的“消息”,是可数名词。
如:
She often sends messages to me with her mobile phone.她经常给我发手机短信。
2. noise,voice,sound
(1) sound“声音”,为最常用词,指可以听到的任何声音,强的,弱的,令人愉快的或不愉快的,有意义的或无意义的。
如:
I was reading last night,when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room.昨晚我正看书时,突然听到隔壁房间有声音。
(2) noise常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音,“嘈杂声、喧闹声”。
如:
The boys made too much noise.孩子们太吵闹了。
(3) voice 指“说话声”“唱歌声”“嗓音”如:
That sounds like Mary's voice.那声音听起来好像玛丽的声音。
辨析使用:
noise/sound/voice
A.Ourphysicsteachertolduslighttravelsfasterthan_____.
B."Youhaveabeautiful____,"themansaidtoherinasweet___.
C.Weshouldn'tmakeany_____inthereadingroom.
3. problem,question
(1)question 是需要“解答”的问题,question 往往是“疑问”。
problem 是需要“解决”的问题。
problem所指的问题,往往是“老难的问题”。
这两个词在实际使用中,一般不能相互替代。
如:
Please answer the following questions.请回答以下问题。
(2)problem指说话者认为难以解决的问题,它与动词solve或settle(解决)搭配。
而question指说话者需要寻找答案的问题,它常与动词ask或answer连用。
试比较:
①The problem is difficult to be solved.这个问题很难解决。
②May I ask you some questions?
我可以问你一些问题吗?
problem可用于数学或物理的习题,而question却无此义。
question可表示一件“与……有关的事”。
试比较:
①Can you work out this maths problem?
你能算出这道数学题吗?
②It's a question of money/time.这是一个与金钱/时间有关的问题。
辨析使用:
problem/question
A.Whatisthebiggest_____intheworld?
Canyouanswerthis_____?
B.The_____isthathe'salwaysaskingmesuchfoolish_____.
4. suggestion,advice
(1)suggestion是可数名词,表示“意见,建议,提议”,特指为了改进或解决某一问题而提出建议、办法等,但不一定正确,仅供参考。
语气比advice客气、委婉。
多用作可数名词,常和介词about,as to,at,on,by,with等搭配。
如:
This trip was made at his teacher's suggestion.这次旅行是由他的老师建议组织的。
By her mother's suggestion the contribution was raised.根据她妈妈的建议发起了募捐。
表示“一条建议”用a suggestion,“一些建议”是some suggestions,“许多建议”是many suggestions。
(2)advice表示“忠告,意见,指点”,是指具有丰富的知识、足够的经验、正确的判断力和明智的观点的人对另一个人的“劝告”或“见解”,既可以是对于严肃的事物,也可以对琐碎事情提出意见。
advice经常带有客观性质,在实际应用中,凡是与自己没有关系,完全是为了对方而提出的意见或建议都可用advice。
advice是不可数名词表示“一条建议”是a piece of advice,“一些建议”是some advice:
On the doctor's advice her mother is staying in bed.她的妈妈遵医嘱卧床休息。
You must act with advice at present.目前,你一定要谨慎行事。
advice常和介词against,at,by,for,of,on,to,about,with等搭配。
如:
My advice to you is that you should treat your wife with more consideration.我给你的忠告是你要多体贴妻子。
It was only by my advice that she had given up the idea.在我的劝导下她才放弃了这个念头。
5. influence,effect
(1)influence 表示“影响”,主要指对行为、性格、观点等产生间接的或潜移默化的影响。
通常为不可数名词,但有时可连用不定冠词。
如:
What you read influences your thinking.你读的东西对你的思想有影响。
Television has a strong influence on people.电视对人有很大的影响。
influence可用作及物动词。
如:
It's clear that her painting has been influenced by Picasso.她的画显然受了毕加索的影响。
(2)effect可用作可数或不可数名词。
用作可数名词时,常与介词on连用。
have an effect on相当于affect。
如:
To affect a policy is to have an effect on it.影响一项政策就是对该政策具有一种影响。
The news had no effect on her at all.=The news did not affect her at all.这条消息对她没有一点影响。
effect有时虽用作动词(及物),但不表示“影响”,而表示“实现”或“产生”等。
如:
He effected great changes in the company.他使公司发生了巨大的变化。
名词的构词法
1.watch,look,love,visit,drive,wish,water,hand,seat,nurse,time,show,chair
2.Classroom,schoolgirl,sunflower
3.Teach,drive,village,foreign,strange,play,win,run
Act,invent,direct,wait,
China,Japan,Portugue
Austral,Canada,India,Austria,Italy
Free,wise,king
Move,agree,announce
Act,invent,pollute,operate,invite
Friend,lead,relation
Child,neighbor
Happy,ill,dark
Arrive,refuse,revive
4.动名词feeling,meeting,dancing
眼见为实。
用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.PleaseturntheTVdown.Itistoo(noise).
2.Inafew(year)time,Zhujiwillbemorebeautiful.
3.Hedidn’tgetenoughsleepyesterdayevening,sohefeelalittle(sleep)now.
4.Iwanttobean(art)whenIgrowup.
5.WefeelsorrythatChenYefei,afamous(paint),diedwhenhewas59.
6.IthinkWuQilingisoneofthemostpopular(act).Iamhisfan.
7.Mr.Jiangisalearnedperson,andhehadlotsof(know).
8.Allthe(village)livingconditionshavechangedgreatlyinrecentyears.
9.Itisworth(mention)thatNanjinghasenteredTop10AppealingChineseCities.
10.Inspring,wecanseegreen(leaf)andgrasseverywhere.
进阶练习
1.Ihaven’theardfromhimsincelast(一月)。
2.Weshouldkeepthe(平衡)ofthenature.
3.(冲浪)isoneoftheworld’smostpopularwatersports.
4.Scienceisoneofmyfavorite(科目).Whataboutyou?
5.Sandyhaslotsof(业余爱好).
6.Thereisno(桥梁)overtheriver,Wehavetotakeaboat.
7.IfyouwanttostudyEnglishwell,youmustpayattentiontoyour(发音)。
8.It’sonlyaboutan(小时)flightfromQingdaotoBeijingbyair.
9.Acomputerisoneofthegreatest(发明)intheworld.
10.Johnisveryexcited.HewillgotoJapanwithhis(父母)duringtheSpringFestival.
11.More than 36 million Chinese children are receiving piano training,but quite a few have little in the piano and some even hate it. (interesting)
12.It is better to travel 10,000 miles than to read 10,000 books,so it's important to have real with languages,cultures and societies. (know)
13. It is an English to have afternoon tea. (传统)
14.I didn't know last year. (他住在哪里)
15. is a program to help with children's education in poor areas. (希望工程)
16.The farmer keeps lots of on his farm.
A. sheep B. chickenC. gooseD. pandas
17. The 4th China's Got Talent(中国达人秀) gives the child a chance to show his special . (able)
18. —Where is Thomas?
—He left a . (信息)
19.—It's convenient to travel from Ezhou to Wuhan by taking the newly-built green railway.
—Yes. It's said that is enough.
A. fifteen minutes driveB. fifteen-minutes drive
C. fifteen minute's driveD. fifteen minutes' drive
20.ismyfavoritesports.(swim)
用表格中的单词的恰当形式填空,每词一次
tomato,room,mistake,sheep,hand,knife,excite,gift,true,dentist
1.Theaudienceclappedandshoutedwithwhentheperformerappeared.
2.Alicewassocarelessthatshemademanyinherhomework.
3.Tim,couldyoupleasetellmethe?
4.ThisisTomandMary’s.
5.Thesechocolatesareallmadeby.
6.InBritain,peoplenotonlyusetocutthingsbutalsousethemtohavemeals.
7.Joannareceivedmanywhengraduatingfrommiddleschool.
8.Ifthere’ssomethingwrongwithyourteeth,you’dbettergotoseea.
9.Weneedsomeyogurt,twoandsomehoneytomakethesalad.
10.Australiaisfamousforits.
二、英语书面表达专项训练
2.假如你是李华,你的美国笔友Bill给你发了一封电子邮件,想了解你的梦想职业。
请认真阅读下面的邮件,根据信中的内容和你的实际情况给他写封回信。
To:
lihua@china.com
From:
bill006@america.com
Subject:
Yourdreamjob
DearLiHua,
OurteachertoldusChinaisdevelopingfast.YouareluckyenoughtoliveinChina.
Wouldyoupleasetellmeaboutyourdreamjobinthefuture?
◆Whatisyourdreamjob?
◆Whydoyoulikethejob?
◆Doyouthinkyourpersonalityissuitableforthejob
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