语言测试学资料.docx
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语言测试学资料.docx
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语言测试学资料
Chapter5
(第五章)
TestTechniquesandMeasuringOverallAbility
(测试的技巧和测试综合能力)
Whataretesttechniques?
Theyaremeansofelicitingbehaviorfromcandidateswhichwilltellusabouttheirlanguageabilities.
Whattechniquesdoweneed?
Whatweneedaretechniqueswhich:
1.willelicitbehaviorwhichisreliableandvalidindicatoroftheabilityinwhichweareinterested;
2.willelicitbehaviorwhichcanbereliablyscored;
3.areaseconomicaloftimeandeffortaspossible;
4.willhaveabeneficialbackwasheffect.
Inthischapterwe’lldiscussonetechnique,multiplechoice.Thenwe’llexaminetheuseoftechniqueswhichmaybeusedtotest‘overallability’.
Multiplechoice:
(1)astem
Enidhasbeenhere______halfanhour.
(2)anumberofoptions
A.duringB.forC.whileD.since
(3)Key
(4)Distractors
What’sthemostobviousadvantageofmultiplechoice?
•Scoringcanbeperfectlyreliable.
•Scoringshouldalsoberapidandeconomical.
•Itcanincludemoreitemsthanwouldotherwisebepossibleinagivenperiodoftime.
Thedifficultieswithmultiplechoiceareasfollows:
1)Thetechniquetestsonlyrecognitionknowledge
Ifthereisalackoffitbetweenatleastsomecandidates’productiveandreceptiveskills,thenperformanceonamultiplechoicetestmaygiveaquiteinaccuratepictureofthosecandidates’ability.
Amultiplechoicegrammartestscore,forexample,maybeapoorindicatorofsomeone’sabilitytousegrammaticalstructures.Thepersonwhocanidentifythecorrectresponseintheitemabovemaynotbeabletoproducethecorrectformwhenspeakingorwriting.Thisisinpartaquestionofconstructvalidity;whetherornotgrammaticalknowledgeofthekindthatcanbedemonstratedinamultiplechoicetestunderliestheproductiveuseofgrammar.
Evenifitdoes,thereisstillagaptobebridgedbetweenknowledgeanduse;ifuseiswhatweareinterestedin,thatgapwillmeanthattestscoresareatbestgivingincompleteinformation.
2)Guessingmayhaveaconsiderablebutunknowableeffectontestscores
Thechanceofguessingthecorrectanswerinathree-optionmultiplechoiceitemisoneinthree,orroughlythirty-threepercent.Onaveragewewouldexpectsomeonetoscore33ona100-itempurelybyguesswork.Wewouldexpectsomepeopletoscorefewerthanthatbyguessing,otherstoscoremore.
Thetroubleisthatwecanneverknowwhatpartofanyparticularindividual’sscorehascomeaboutthroughguessing.Attemptsaresometimesmadetoestimatethecontributionofguessingbyassumingthatallincorrectresponsesaretheresultofguessing,andbyfurtherassumingthattheindividualhashadaverageluckinguessing.Scoresarethenreducedbythenumberofpointstheindividualisestimatedtohaveobtainedbyguessing.
However,neitherassumptionisnecessarilycorrect,andwecannotknowthattherevisedscoreisthesameas(orverycloseto)theoneanindividualwouldhaveobtainedwithoutguessing.Whileothertestingmethodsmayalsoinvolveguessing,wewouldnormallyexpecttheeffecttobemuchless,sincecandidateswillusuallynothavearestrictednumberofresponsespresentedtothem(withtheinformationthatoneofthemiscorrect).
3)Thetechniqueseverelyrestrictswhatcanbetested
Thebasicproblemhereisthatmultiplechoiceitemsrequiredistractors,anddistractorsarenotalwaysavailable.Inagrammartest,itmaynotbepossibletofindthreeorfourplausiblealternativestothecorrectstructure.Theresultisthatcommandofwhatmaybeanimportantstructureissimplynottested.AnexamplewouldbethedistinctioninEnglishbetweenthepasttenseandthepresentperfect.
Certainlyforlearnersatacertainlevelofability,inagivenlinguisticcontext,therearenootheralternativesthatarelikelytodistract.Theargumentthathismustbeadifficultyforanyitemthatattemptstotestforthisdistinctionisdifficulttosustain,sinceotheritemsthatdonotovertlypresentachoicemayelicitthecandidate’susualbehavior,withoutthecandidateresortingtoguessing.
4)Itisverydifficulttowritesuccessfulitems
Afurtherproblemwithmultiplechoiceisthat,evenwhereitemsarepossible,goodonesareextremelydifficulttowrite.Professionaltestwritersreckontohavetowritemanymoreitemsthantheyactuallyneedforatest,anditisonlyafterpretestingandstatisticalanalysisofperformanceontheitemsthattheycanrecognisetheonesthatareusable.
Itissometeachers’experiencethatmultiplechoiceteststhatareproducedforusewithininstitutionsareoftenshotthroughwithfaults.Commonamongsttheseare:
morethanonecorrectanswer;
nocorrectanswer;
therearecluesintheoptionsastowhichiscorrect(forexamplethecorrectoptionmaybedifferentinlengthtotheothers);
ineffectivedistractors.
Theamountofwork
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