专业八级分类模拟435.docx
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专业八级分类模拟435.docx
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专业八级分类模拟435
专业八级分类模拟435
(总分:
58.92,做题时间:
90分钟)
一、PARTⅠREADINGCOMPREHENSION(总题数:
1,分数:
30.00)
SECTIONAMULTIPLE-CHOICEQUESTIONS
Inthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyfourteenmultiplechoicequestions.Foreachmultiplechoicequestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswerandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.
PASSAGEONE
(1)Ifyoudropyourlaptopcomputer,achipbuiltintoitwillsensetheaccelerationandprotectthedelicatemovingpartsofitsharddiskbeforeithitstheground.AgroupofresearchersledbyJesseLawrenceofStanfordUniversityareputtingthesameaccelerometerchiptoanintriguingnewuse:
detectingearthquakes.Theyplantocreateanetworkofvolunteerlaptopsthatcanmapoutfuturequakesinfargreaterdetailthantraditionalseismometersmanage.
(2)Seismometersarelarge,expensivebeasts,costing$10,000ormoreapiece.Theyaredesignedtobeexquisitelysensitivetothesortofvibrationsanearthquakeproduces,whichmeanstheycanpickuptremorsthatbeganhalfwayaroundtheworld.Bycontrast,theaccelerometerchipsinlaptops,whichhaveevolvedfromthoseusedtodetectwhenacarisinacollisionandthustriggerthereleaseoftheairbags,arerathercrudedevices.Theyare,however,ubiquitous.Almostallmodemlaptopshavethemandtheyareevenfindingtheirwayintomobilephones.TheiPhone,forexample,usessuchachiptodetectitsorientationsothatitcanrotateitsdisplayandthusmakeiteasilyreadable.
(3)Onitsown,anaccelerometerchipinalaptopisnotveryusefulforearthquake-detection,asitcannotdistinguishbetweenaquakeandallsortsofothervibrations—theusertappingawayatthekeyboard,forexample.Butiflotsofthesechipsareconnectedtoacentralserverviatheinternet,theirresponsescanbecompared.Andifalargenumberinaparticularplaceregisteravibrationatalmostthesametime,itismorelikelytobeanearthquakethanabunchofusersallhittingtheirspacebars.Toexploitthisgroupeffect,DrLawrence"sQuake-CatcherNetwork(QCN)employsthesamesoftwarethatisusedbytheSETI@homeproject,whichaggregatescomputingpowerfromhundredsofthousandsofvolunteercomputersaroundtheworldtoanalyzeradio-telescopesignalsforsignsofextraterrestrialintelligence.
(4)DrLawrenceandhiscolleagueshavealreadydemonstratedthattheQCNworks.ItdetectedaquakenearReno,Nevada,inApril,andonenearLosAngelesinJuly.Merelydetectingaquake,however,isnotthepoint.Seismometerscandothat.Tobeuseful,theQCNneedstobeabletodothingsthatseismometerscannot.
(5)Oneofthosethingsistomeasurethemaximumamountofgroundshaking.Thesensitivityofseismometersmeansthatstrongsignalswoulddamagethemiftheywerenotdesignedto"clip"suchsignalswhentheyexceedacertainthreshold.Thepricepaidisthatinformationaboutstrong,nearbyearthquakesislost.Laptopaccelerometersaremorerobust.Thoughtheycannot,ifinAmerica,tellyouanythingaboutanearthquakeinChina,theycansometimesdobetterthanconventionalkitwhenmeasuringlocalquakes.
(6)Thenetwork"ssecondbenefitisofsheernumbers.Thisshouldallowtheconstructionoffarmoredetailedmapsoftheup-and-downandside-to-sidemotionsinducedbyearthquakes.Thesevaryalotfromquaketoquake,andthatmeansthedamagedonebyaquakeofanygivenstrengthisalsovariable.Abetterunderstandingofhowmovementanddamagerelatemighthelpbothbuildingdesignandtownplanninginearthquakezones.
(7)Ofcourse,forthattowork,youhavetoknowwhereeachlaptopwasatthemomentofthequake.Ideally,thisinformationwouldcomefromaGlobalPositioningSystemdevicefittedwithinthelaptop,butfewcomputershavethematthemoment.Intheirabsence,informationautomaticallysuppliedaboutthesiteofthenearestrouter(anetworkdevicethatcomputersusetoconnecttothewiderinternet)givesaroughlocation.Thisisimperfect,butpoolingthedatafromlotsoflaptopsmeansthatlocationerrorscanbedetectedstatisticallyanderroneousdatadiscarded.
(8)Ifthatcanbedonequicklyenough,theQCNcouldbringathird—andmostvaluable—benefit:
warning.Thespeedofinternetcommunication,coupledwithaschemeforuploadingdatafromeachcomputeratbriefintervals,meansthatDrLawrence"snetworkcouldissueanearthquakewarningwithinseconds.Thatisfasterthantraditionalseismometernetworks,whichupdatelessregularly,and,aboveall,ismuchfasterthanseismicwavestravel.Warningscouldthusbebroadcasttoplacestheearthquakewaveshadnotyetreached,givingpeoplevitaltimetofindaplaceofrefuge.
(9)Atthemoment,theQCNhasabout1,500participatingcomputers.But,ashappenedwithSETI@home,theresearchersexpectnumberstogrowonceknowledgeoftheprojectspreads:
qcn.stanford.edu,forthosewhowanttojoininthefun.
PASSAGETWO
(1)Damnyou,tallpeople.Theyblockyourviewatthemovietheater.They"reapaintoshopfor:
WhoreallywantstodragthemselvestotheBig&TalltobuyUncleLurchapairofextra-longpants?
They"retheoneswithbetterchancesofbecomingprobasketballplayers,orsupermodels.
(2)Squirtsprobablydon"tneedanymorereasonstoenvytheirlonger-limbedneighbors.Unfortunately,anewstudyjustaddedtotheindignityofshortpeople.AccordingtoapaperfromtheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch,bothmenandwomenwhoareaboveaverageheight—5ft.10in.formales,5ft.4in.forfemales—reporthigherlevelsofhappinessthansmallerpeople.
(3)Inthestudy,menwhocalltheirlivesthe"worstpossible"arenearlyaninchshorterthantheaverageman.Thewomenmostdowninthedumpsarehalfaninchsmaller,onaverage,thantheaveragewoman.Tallerpeoplesaytheyaremorecontent,andarelesslikelytoreportarangeofnegativeemotionslikesadnessandphysicalpain."Happinessisjustonemorethingthattallerpeoplehavegoingforthem,"saysAngusDeaton,aPrincetoneconomistandco-authorofthestudy,whostandsasmug6ft.4in.(Fulldisclosure:
I,too,amabout6ft.4in.,butIwillrefrainfrommockingshrimpsinthisstory.)
(4)Whyaretallpeoplehappier?
AccordingtoDeaton"sanalysis,theresultislinkedtoeducationandincome.Thestudyfoundthattallerpeopletendtohavemoreeducation,andthushigherincomelevels,thanshorterpeople.Itfollowsthatthesmarter,richertallpeoplewouldbesunnierthantheirverticallychallengedcompatriots."Moneybuysenjoymentandhigherlifeevaluation,"saysDeaton."Itbuysoffstress,anger,worryandpain.Incomeisthething!
"
(5)Togainsomereal-worldinsightintothesestats,IcalledthefirstsmartshortpersonIcouldthinkof,afriendnamedMiltonLee.Despitewhatthesestudiesindicate,smartshortpeopledoexist.Milt,agraduateoftheUniversityofPennsylvania,madeakillingasaWallStreettraderinthe1990s,butquitfinancetochasehisdreamofbecomingabasketballcoach.HehastrainedmanyNBAplayers,includingthisyear"stopdraftpick,Oklahoma"sBlakeGriffin,andevenlandedanassistantcoachinggigfortheLosAngelesClippers"summer-leagueteam.
(6)DespitegivingupanhealthyWallStreetincome,Lee,whoclaimshe"s5ft.9in.butadmitstobeing5ft.8in.whenpressed,considershimselfcontent."I"mnottotallybuyingit,"hesaysofthestudy."I"mbelowaverageheight,andhaveabove-averagehappiness."Inhisbasketballwork,Leespendsalotoftimearoundwell-compensatedhumantrees,anddoesn"talwaysseesmilingfaces."ThereareplentyofNBAplayerswhoareabsolutelymiserable,"Leesays."Theywantmoreplayingtime,theyfeelunderappreciated.Onlyadozenorsoguysfeelthattheyaretrulyloved."
(7)InhisWallStreetdays,Leesawplentyofrich,happyshortpeopleandwealthy,depressedtallpeople.Hedoesofferonereasonwhytallermenmightbehappier."WheneverI"moutwithtallguys,theytendtogetmoreattentionfromwomen,"saysLee."Youneverheargirlssay,"Hey,I"mreallyintoshortguys.""
(8)Leedirectedmetooneoftheplayershecoaches,ColemanCollins,forthesmart,tallguy"sperspective.WhenItoldhimLeequestionedthefindings,Collins,whois6ft.9in.,wasn"tsurprised."Shortpeoplearealwaysreadytodisagree,"saysCollins,whograduatedfromVirginiaTechwhenhewas19,afterjustthreeyears,andplayedfortheschool"sbasketballteam.Hepointsoutthathehasmanyshortfriends."Generallyspeaking,I"vefoundthattheyaremorelikelytohaveachipontheirshoulder,morelikelytohavesomethingtoprove,"Collinssays.
(9)Collins,now23,supportsthestudy"sresults."I"mgenerallyinagoodmood,"hesays."AndbasedontheanecdotalevidenceI"veseen,tallpeoplehaveamorepleasantdispositionandaremoreeasygoing.Theydon"thavetomakeanextraefforttocommandattention.Whentheywalkintoaroom,ittendstocomenaturallytothem."Suchrecognitionsurelyhelpsyourself-esteem.Ifonlyitwasn"ttoolateforyoushortpeopletohaveagrowthspurt.
PASSAGETHREE
(1)MONDAY"SSupremeCourtdecisiontoblockaclass-actionsex-discriminationlawsuitagainstWal-Martwasahugesetbackforasmanyas1.6millioncurrentandformerfemaleemployeesoftheworld"slargestretailer.Butthedecisionhasconsequencesthatrangefarbeyondsexdiscriminationortheviabilityofclass-actionsuits.
(2)Theunderlyingissue,whichtheSupremeCourthasnowratified,isWal-Mart"sauthoritarianstyle,bywhichexecutivespressurestore-levelmanagementtosqueezemoreandmorefrommillionsofclerks,stockersandlower-tiermanagers.
(3)Indeed,thesexd
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