MBADevelopingandSustainingLeadersofLearning.docx
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MBADevelopingandSustainingLeadersofLearning.docx
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MBADevelopingandSustainingLeadersofLearning
【关键字】MBA
Chapter4
DevelopingandSustainingLeadersofLearning
DeanFink
DevelopingaFocusonLearning
Themostfundamentalquestionthatalleducatorsmustaskis,whatisourpurpose?
Mostsuccessfulorganizationsareveryclearabouttheirpurposes,andwhendiffi-
cultiesarisetheyfallbacktotheiressentialprinciples.Sadlyinsomebusinesses,
purposesmaynotnecessarilybemoral–forexample,somecompaniesproduce
life-savingproductsthatcurecancer;otherscontinuetoproduceproductsthatcause
cancer.Itisn’tgoodenoughtojusttalkabout“moralpurposes”withoutcoming
cleanastowhatismeantbytheterm.Whenonecutsthroughalotoftherhetoric
about“worldclasseducation”and“nochildleftbehind,”manywesternjurisdictions
andtheirapologists,caughtupinthestandards/standardizationagenda,stilldefine
theintentofeducationintermsofnarrowmeasuresofhumanpotentialasmeasured
bytestscores,orbydrive-byinspections,orbyparentalpopularityconteststhat
oftenhavelittletodowithaschool’squality.Formemoralpurposeincludes“con-
victionsabout,andunwaveringcommitmentstoenhancingdeepandbroadlearning,
notmerelytestedachievement,forallstudents”(Hargreaves&Fink,2006,p.28).
Afewyearsago,Ico-authoredabookentitledIt’saboutlearningandIt’sabout
Time(Stoll,Fink,&Earl,2003).IlikedthetitlethenandIreallylikeitnow,because
itgoestotheveryheartofwhateducationandeducationalleadershipinthetwenty-
firstcenturyshouldbeabout.Itisabouttimewefocusedonlearningandnotallthe
artifactsoflearningthattendtodehumanizechildrenbyreducingthemtoaggregate
anddisaggregatednumbers,anditisabouttimewegavestudents,teachers,and
schoolleadersthetimetofocusonwhattheirrolesareallabout.
Toexpandonourmeaningof“deepandbroad”learning,AndyHargreavesandI
(2006)borrowedfromtheUNESCOCommission(Delorsetal.,1996)thatproposed
“fourfundamentaltypesoflearningwhich,throughoutaperson’slife,willbethe
pillarsofknowledge”(p.85).Thesefollow:
D.Fink(B)
142MarigoldCourt,Ancaster,ON,CanadaL9G3M3
e-mail:
41B.Davies,M.Brundrett(eds.),DevelopingSuccessfulLeadership,
StudiesinEducationalLeadership11,DOI10.1007/978-90-481-9106-2_4,
CSpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.201042D.Fink
•Learningtoknowincludestheacquisitionofabroadgeneralknowledge,intellec-
tualcuriosity,theinstrumentsofunderstanding,independenceofjudgment,and
theimpetusandfoundationforbeingabletocontinuelearningthroughoutlife.
Additionally,learningtoknow“presupposeslearningtolearn,callinguponthe
powerofconcentration,memoryandthought”(p.86).Todothis,Claxton(1999)
explainsthatstudentsandallotherlearnersneedtoacquireresilience,theability
to“stayintelligentlyengagedwithlearningchallenges”despitedifficultiesand
setbacks(p.55),resourcefulness,thecapacitytousearangeofintellectualtools
includingimaginationandintuitiontoaddresslearningchallenges,andreflection,
thefacilityto“monitorone’sownlearningandtakeastrategicoverview”(p.4).
•Learningtodoinvolvesthecompetencetoputwhatonehaslearnedintoprac-
tice(evenwhenitisunclearhowfutureworkwillevolve),todealwithmany
situations,andtoactcreativelyinandonone’senvironment.Itincludesteam-
work,initiative,readinesstotakerisks,beingabletoprocessinformationand
communicatewithothers,andalsotomanageandresolveconflicts.
•Learningtobeaddresseswhoweareandhowwearewithpeople.Itincorpo-
ratesouraspectsoftheself–mindandbody,emotionandintellect,aesthetic
sensitivityandspiritualvalues.People,whohavelearnedtobe,canunderstand
themselvesandtheirworld,andsolvetheirownproblems.Learningtobemeans
givingpeoplethefreedomofthought,judgment,feeling,andimaginationthey
needinordertodeveloptheirtalentsandtakecontroloftheirlivesasmuchas
possible(p.38).
TheBodyShop,inoneofitsmanypublications,capturestheneedforsuch
learninggoalswhenitdeclared,
Let’shelpoutchildrentodevelopthehabitoffreedom.Toencouragethemtocelebratewho
andwhattheyare.Let’sstopteachingchildrentofearchangeandprotectthestatusquo.
Let’steachthemtoenquireanddebate.Toaskquestionsuntiltheyhearanswers.Andthe
waytodoitistochangethewayofourtraditionalschooling.
Oureducationalsystemdoesitsbesttoignoreandsuppressthecreativespiritofchildren.
Itteachesthemtolistenunquestioninglytoauthority.Itinsiststhateducationisjustknowl-
edgecontainedinsubjectsandthepurposeofeducationistogetajob.What’sleftoutis
sensitivitytoothers,non-violentbehavior,respect,intuition,imagination,andasenseof
aweandwonderment.
Educationismorethanpreparingstudentstomakealiving,althoughthatis
important;itisalsoaboutpreparingthemtomakealife.
•Learningtolivetogethercallsuponstudentsandotherstodevelopunderstanding
of,respectfor,andengagementwithotherpeople’sculturesandspiritualvalues.
Itcallsforempathyforothers’pointsofview,understandingofdiversityand
similaritiesamongpeople,appreciationofinterdependence,andbeingableto
engageindialogueanddebate,inordertoimproverelationships,cooperatewith
othersandreduceviolenceandconflict.Learningtolivetogetherisanessential
elementofdeepandbroadlearninginanincreasinglymulticulturalworldwhere
millionsoffamiliesandtheirchildrenhavebeenmiredindecadesorevencen-
turiesofracialhatred,religiousbigotry,ortotalitariancontrol.Itistrulyamazing4DevelopingandSustainingLeadersofLearning43
howmanywayspolicymakersfindtoseparatestudentsfromeachother–socio-
economically,racially,religiously,bygender,andsoon.Howcanwelearntolive
togetherifwenevergettoknow“theother”?
Tothesefourpillars,weaddedafifth:
learningtolivesustainably:
•Learningtolivesustainablyisaboutlearningtorespectandprotecttheearth
whichgivesuslife,toworkwithdiverseotherstosecurethelong-termbene-
fitsofeconomicandecologicallifeinallcommunities;toadoptbehaviorsand
practicesthatrestrainandminimizeourecologicalfootprintontheworldaround
uswithoutdeprivingusofopportunitiesfordevelopmentandfulfillment;andto
coexistandcooperatewithnatureandnaturaldesign,wheneverpossible,rather
thanalwaysseekingtoconquerandcontrolthem(Hargreaves&Fink,2006,
p.38).
Letmeaddonefinalthoughtaboutmoralpurposeforleadersoflearning.Inour
hurriededucationalenvironment,inwhichperformanceculturesforcestudentsand
teacherstocovercontentinpreparationfor“highstakes”testsasthougheducation
wasaseriesofsprintsratherthanalife-longmarathon,weignoreatourperilthe
factthat“deepandbroad”learningoftenrequiresslowknowing.“Itisabouttime!
”
PsychologistGuyClaxton,inhisbookHarebrain,tortoisemind(1997),saysslow
knowingisessentialforourlearningandourlives.Itgivesdepthtoourexperience
andprovokesthegreatestbreakthroughsinhumanunderstanding.Claxtonmakes
thecaseforslowknowinglikethis:
Theunconsciousrealmsofthehumanmindwillsuccessfullyaccomplishanumberof
importanttasksiftheyaregiventhetime.Theywilllearnpatternsofadegreeofsub-
tletywhichnormalconsciousnesscannotevensee;makesenseoutofsituationsthataretoo
complextoanalyze;andgettothebottomofcertaindifficultissuesmuchmoresuccessfully
thanthequestingintellect.(p.4)
Slowformsofknowing
•aretolerantofthefaint,fleeting,marginal,andambiguous
•liketodwellondetailsthatdonotfitorimmediatelymakesense
•arerelaxed,leisurely,andplayful
•arewillingtoexplorewithoutknowingwhattheyarelookingfor
•seeignoranceandconfusionasthegroundfromwhichunderstandingmayspring
•arereceptiveratherthanproactive
•arehappytorelinquishthesenseofcontroloverthedirectionsthemind
spontaneouslytakes
•treatseriouslyideasthatcome“outoftheblue.”
Ifitisaboutlearning,anditisabouttime,howdowecreateanenvironmentand
climateinwhichlearningisattheverycenterofeverydecision,policy,practice,
orcustom,andeducationalleadersare“passionately,creatively,obsessivelyand
steadfastlycommittedtoenhancing‘deep’andbroadlearningforallstudents–44D.Fink
learningforunderstanding,learningforlife,learningforaknowledgesociety”
(Fink,2005,p.xvii)?
DevelopingaClimateforLearning
Manycontemporaryapproachestoeducationalchangeseeschoolsandschoolssys-
temsasrationalorganizations,alignedwithmechanicalprecisionanddrivenby
formsandfunctionsdesignedtoeliminatethevagariesofhumandecisionmaking.
Amorerealisticandmoresustainable,butmuchmessierwaytovieweducational
improvementistoviewtheschool,thelocality,andthestateornationas“liv-
ingsystems”interconnectedinspheresofmutualinfluence,eachoneanetworkof
strongcellsorganizedthroughcohesivediversity,andwithpermeablemembranesof
influencebetweenthespheres.Inthisapproach,leadershipisdistributedacrossthe
variouscellsthataffectaschoolsuchasstudents,teachers,parents,unions,social
services,CountyHall,andlocalcommunities.Theycometogetherordriftapart
ascircumstancesandcontextsdictate.Alllivingsystems,bothnaturalandhuman,
possesstwoqualities:
1.Theyareself-organizingnetworksofcommunication.“Whereverweseelife,
weseenetworks”(Cap
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