航海实用英语第七章国际海上人命安全公约.docx
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航海实用英语第七章国际海上人命安全公约.docx
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航海实用英语第七章国际海上人命安全公约
第七章国际海上人命安全公约
§7-1国际海上人命安全公约概述
TheSOLASConventioninitssuccessiveformsisgenerallyregardedasthemostimportantofallinternationaltreatiesconcerningthesafelyofmerchantships.Thefirstversionwasadoptedin1914,thesecondin1929andthethirdin1948.
The1960ConventionwasthefirstmajortaskforIMOafteritscreationanditrepresentedaconsiderablestepforwardinmodernizingregulationsandinkeepingpacewithtechnicaldevelopmentsintheshippingindustry.
TheintentionwastokeeptheConventionuptodatebyperiodicamendmentsbutinpracticetheamendmentsprocedureincorporatedprovedtobeveryslow.Itbecameclearthatitwouldbeimpossibletosecuretheentryintoforceofamendmentswithinareasonableperiodoftime.
Asaresult,acompletelynewconventionwasadoptedin1974whichincludednotonlytheamendmentsagreedupuntilthatdatebutanewamendmentproceduredesignedtoensurethatchangescouldbemadewithinaspecified(andacceptablyshort)periodoftime.
ThemainobjectiveoftheSOLASConventionistospecifyminimumstandardsfortheconstruction,equipmentandoperationofships,compatiblewiththeirsafety.FlagStatesareresponsibleforensuringthatshipsundertheirflagcomplywithitsrequirements,andanumberofcertificatesareprescribedintheConventionasproofthatthishasbeendone.
ControlprovisionsalsoallowContractingGovernmentstoinspectshipsofotherContractingStatesiftherearecleargroundsforbelievingthattheshipanditsequipmentdonotsubstantiallycomplywiththerequirementsoftheConvention.
GeneralprovisionsarecontainedinchapterI,themostimportantofthemconcerningthesurveyofthevarioustypesofshipsandtheissuingofdocumentssignifyingthattheshipmeetstherequirementsoftheConvention.ThechapteralsoincludesprovisionsforthecontrolofshipsinportsofotherContractingGovernments.
SubdivisionandstabilityaredealtwithinchapterII-1.Thesubdivisionofpassengershipsintowatertightcompartmentsmustbesuchthatafterassumeddamagetotheship’shullthevesselwillremainafloatandstable.Requirementsforwatertightintegrityandbilgepumpingarrangementsforpassengershipsarealsolaiddownaswellasstabilityrequirementsforbothpassengerandcargoships.
Thedegreeofsubdivision–measuredbythemaximumpermissibledistancebetweentwoadjacentbulkheads–varieswithship’slengthandtheserviceinwhichitisengaged.Thehighestdegreeofsubdivisionappliestopassengerships.
Machineryandelectricalinstallations:
theserequirements,containedinchapterII-1,aredesignedtoensurethatserviceswhichareessentialforthesafetyoftheship,passengersandcrewaremaintainedundervariousemergencyconditions.Thesteeringgearrequirementsofthischapterareparticularlyimportant.
Fireprotection,firedetectionandfireextinction:
casualtiestopassengershipsthroughfireemphasizedtheneedtoimprovethefireprotectionprovisionsofthe1960Convention,andin1966and1967amendmentswereadoptedbytheIMOAssembly.Theseandotheramendments,particularlydetailedfiresafetyprovisionsfortankersandcombinationcarriers,suchasinertgas,wereincorporatedinchapterII-2ofthe1974Convention.
Theseprovisionsarebasedonthefollowingprinciples:
Divisionoftheshipintomainandverticalzonesbythermalandstructuralboundaries.
Separationofaccommodationspacesfromtheremainderoftheshipbythermalandstructuralboundaries.
Restrictedusedofcombustiblematerials.
Detectionofanyfireinthezoneoforigin.
Containmentandextinctionofanyfireinthespaceoforigin.
Protectionofthemeansofescapeorofaccessforfire-fightingpurposes.
Readyavailabilityoffire-extinguishingappliances.
Minimizationofthepossibilityofignitionofflammablecargovapour.
Life-savingappliancesandarrangementsaredealtwithinchapterIII,whichwascompletelyrevisedbythe1983amendmentswhichenteredintoforceon1July1986.Therevisedchapterisdividedintothreeparts.
PartAcontainsgeneralprovisionsonapplicationoftherequirements,exemptions,definitions,evaluation,testingandapprovalofappliancesandarrangementsandproductiontests.
PartBcontainstheshiprequirementsandissubdividedinto:
SectionIdealingwithcommonrequirementsapplicabletobothpassengershipsandcargoships;
SectionIIcontainingadditionalrequirementsforpassengerships;and
SectionIIIcontainingadditionalrequirementsforcargoships.
PartCdealswiththelife-savingappliancerequirementsandisdividedintoeightsection:
SectionIcontainsgeneralrequirements;
SectionIIrequirementsforpersonallife-savingappliances;
SectionIIIvisualsignalrequirements;
SectionIVrequirementsforsurvivalcraft;
SectionVrescueboatprovisions;
Secti
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