Tort Law of the People.docx
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Tort Law of the People.docx
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TortLawofthePeople
TortLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina
(Adoptedatthe12thsessionoftheStandingCommitteeoftheEleventhNationalPeople’sCongressonDecember26,2009)
TableofContents
ChapterIGeneralProvisions
ChapterIIConstitutingLiabilityandMethodsofAssumingLiability
ChapterIIICircumstancestoWaiveLiabilityandMitigateLiability
ChapterIVSpecialProvisionsonTortfeasors
ChapterVProductLiability
ChapterVILiabilityforMotorVehicleTrafficAccident
ChapterVIILiabilityforMedicalMalpractice
ChapterVIIILiabilityforEnvironmentalPollution
ChapterIXLiabilityforUltrahazardousActivity
ChapterXLiabilityforHarmCausedbyDomesticAnimal
ChapterXILiabilityforHarmCausedbyObject
ChapterXIISupplementaryProvision
ChapterIGeneralProvisions
Article1Inordertoprotectthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofpartiesincivillawrelationships,clarifythetortliability,preventandpunishtortiousconduct,andpromotethesocialharmonyandstability,thisLawisformulated.
Article2ThosewhoinfringeuponcivilrightsandinterestsshallbesubjecttothetortliabilityaccordingtothisLaw.
“Civilrightsandinterests”usedinthisLawshallincludetherighttolife,therighttohealth,therighttoname,therighttoreputation,therighttohonor,righttoselfimage,rightofprivacy,maritalautonomy,guardianship,ownership,usufruct,securityinterest,copyright,patentright,exclusiverighttouseatrademark,righttodiscovery,equities,rightofsuccession,andotherpersonalandpropertyrightsandinterests.
Article3Thevictimofatortshallbeentitledtorequirethetortfeasortoassumethetortliability.
Article4Whereatortfeasorshallassumeadministrativeliabilityorcriminalliabilityforthesameconduct,itshallnotprejudicethetortliabilitythatthetortfeasorshalllegallyassume.
Wheretheassetsofatortfeasorarenotadequateforpaymentsforthetortliabilityandadministrativeliabilityorcriminalliabilityforthesameconduct,thetortfeasorshallfirstassumethetortliability.
Article5Whereanyotherlawprovidesotherwiseforanytortliabilityinparticular,suchspecialprovisionsshallprevail.
ChapterIIConstitutingLiabilityandMethodsofAssumingLiability
Article6Onewhoisatfaultforinfringementuponacivilrightorinterestofanotherpersonshallbesubjecttothetortliability.
Onewhoisatfaultasconstruedaccordingtolegalprovisionsandcannotproveotherwiseshallbesubjecttothetortliability.
Article7Onewhoshallassumethetortliabilityforinfringinguponacivilrightorinterestofanotherperson,whetheratfaultornot,asprovidedforbylaw,shallbesubjecttosuchlegalprovisions.
Article8Wheretwoormorepersonsjointlycommitatort,causingharmtoanotherperson,theyshallbeliablejointlyandseverally.
Article9Onewhoabetsorassistsanotherpersonincommittingatortshallbeliablejointlyandseverallywiththetortfeasor.
Onewhoabetsorassistsapersonwhodoesnothavecivilconductcapacityoronlyhaslimitedcivilconductcapacityincommittingatortshallassumethetortliability;theguardianofsuchapersonwithoutcivilconductcapacityorwithlimitedcivilconductcapacityshallassumetherelevantliabilityiffailingtofulfillhisguardianduties.
Article10Wheretwoormorepersonsengageinaconductthatendangersthepersonalorpropertysafetyofanotherperson,ifonlytheconductofoneorseveralofthemcausesharmtoanotherpersonandthespecifictortfeasorcanbedetermined,thetortfeasorshallbeliable;orifthespecifictortfeasorcannotbedetermined,allofthemshallbeliablejointlyandseverally.
Article11Wheretwoormorepersonscommittortsrespectively,causingthesameharm,andeachtortissufficienttocausetheentireharm,thetortfeasorsshallbeliablejointlyandseverally.
Article12Wheretwoormorepersonscommittortsrespectively,causingthesameharm,iftheseriousnessofliabilityofeachtortfeasorcanbedetermined,thetortfeasorsshallassumecorrespondingliabilitiesrespectively;oriftheseriousnessofliabilityofeachtortfeasorishardtobedetermined,thetortfeasorsshallevenlyassumethecompensatoryliability.
Article13Wherethejointandseveralliabilityshallbeassumedbythetortfeasorsaccordingtolaw,thevictimoftortsshallbeentitledtorequiresomeorallofthetortfeasorstoassumetheliability.
Article14Thecompensationamountscorrespondingtothetortfeasorswhoarejointlyandseverallyliableshallbedeterminedaccordingtotheseriousnessofeachtortfeasor;andiftheseriousnessofeachtortfeasorcannotbedetermined,thetortfeasorsshallevenlyassumethecompensatoryliability.
Atortfeasorwhohaspaidanamountofcompensationexceedinghiscontributionshallbeentitledtobereimbursedbytheothertortfeasorswhoarejointlyandseverallyliable.
Article15Themethodsofassumingtortliabilitiesshallinclude:
1.cessationofinfringement;
2.removalofobstruction;
3.eliminationofdanger;
4.returnofproperty;
5.restorationtotheoriginalstatus;
6.compensationforlosses;
7.apology;and
8.eliminationofconsequencesandrestorationofreputation.
Theabovemethodsofassumingthetortliabilitymaybeadoptedindividuallyorjointly.
Article16Whereatortcausesanypersonalinjurytoanotherperson,thetortfeasorshallcompensatethevictimforthereasonablecostsandexpensesfortreatmentandrehabilitation,suchasmedicaltreatmentexpenses,nursingfeesandtravelexpenses,aswellasthelostwages.Ifthevictimsuffersanydisability,thetortfeasorshallalsopaythecostsofdisabilityassistanceequipmentforthelivingofthevictimandthedisabilityindemnity.Ifitcausesthedeathofthevictim,thetortfeasorshallalsopaythefuneralservicefeesandthedeathcompensation.
Article17Wherethesametortcausesthedeathsofseveralpersons,auniformamountofdeathcompensationmaybedetermined.
Article18Whereatortcausesthedeathtothevictim,thecloserelativeofthevictimshallbeentitledtorequirethetortfeasortoassumethetortliability.Wherethevictimofatort,whichisanentity,issplitormerged,theentitysucceedingtotherightsofthevictimshallbeentitledtorequirethetortfeasortoassumethetortliability.
Whereatortcausesthedeathtothevictim,thosewhohavepaidthemedicaltreatmentexpenses,funeralservicefeesandotherreasonablecostsandexpensesforthevictimshallbeentitledtorequirethetortfeasortocompensatethemforsuchcostsandexpenses,exceptthatthetortfeasorhasalreadypaidsuchcostsandexpenses.
Article19Whereatortcausesanyharmtothepropertyofanotherperson,theamountoflosstothepropertyshallbecalculatedasperthemarketpriceatthetimeofoccurrenceofthelossorcalculatedotherwise.
Article20Whereanyharmcausedbyatorttoapersonalrightorinterestofanotherpersongivesrisetoanylosstothepropertyofthevictimofthetort,thetortfeasorshallmakecompensationasperthelosssustainedbythevictimastheresultofthetort.Ifthelosssustainedbythevictimishardtobedeterminedandthetortfeasorobtainsanybenefitfromthetort,thetortfeasorshallmakecompensationasperthebenefitobtainedbyit.Ifthebenefitobtainedbythetortfeasorfromthetortishardtobedetermined,thevictimandthetortfeasordisagreetotheamountofcompensationafterconsultation,andanactionisbroughttoapeople’scourt,thepeople’scourtshalldeterminetheamountofcompensationbasedontheactualsituations.
Article21Whereatortendangersthepersonalorpropertysafetyofanotherperson,thevictimofthetortmayrequirethetortfeasortoassumethetortliabilitiesincludingbutnotlimitedtocessionofinfringement,removalofobstructionandeliminationofdanger.
Article22Whereanyharmcausedbyatorttoapersonalrightorinterestofanotherpersoninflictsaseriousmentaldistressonthevictimofthetort,thevictimofthetortmayrequirecompensationfortheinflictionofmentaldistress.
Article23Whereonesustainsanyharmastheresultofpreventingorstoppingtheinfringementuponthecivilrightorinterestofanotherperson,thetortfeasorshallbeliablefortheharm.Ifthetortfeasorfleesorisunabletoassumetheliabilityandthevictimofthetortrequirescompensation,thebeneficiaryshallproperlymakecompensation.
Article24Whereneitherthevictimnortheactorisatfaultfortheoccurrenceofadamage,bothofthemmaysharethedamagebasedontheactualsituations.
Article25Aftertheoccurrenceofanyharm,thepartiesmayconsulteachotheraboutthemethodstopayforcompensations.Iftheconsultationfails,thecompensationsshallbepaidinalumpsum.Ifitishardtomakethepaymentinalumpsum,thepaymentmaybemadeininstallmentsbutacorrespondingsecurityshallbeprovided.
ChapterIIICircumstancestoWaiveLiabilityandMitigateLiability
Article26Wherethevictimofatortisalsoatfaultastotheoccurrenceofharm,theliabilityofthetortfeasormaybemitigated.
Article27Theactorshallnotbeliableforanyharmthatiscausedintentionallybythevictim.
Article28Whereanyharmiscausedbyathirdparty,thethirdpartyshallassumethetortliability.
Article29Whereanyharmtoanotherpersoniscausedbyaforcemajeure,thetortfeasorshallnotbeliable,exceptasotherwiseprovidedforbylaw.
Article30Whereanyharmiscausedbyself-defense,thepersonexercisingself-defenseshallnotbeliable.Iftheself-defenseexceedsthenecessarylimit,causinganyundueharm,theperson
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