精品1996历年考研英语真题集.docx
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精品1996历年考研英语真题集.docx
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精品1996历年考研英语真题集
2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories1ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior2theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough3withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin4totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,5asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.
Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,_6thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes7lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare8tocriticism.
Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly9juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat10tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment11makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin12leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.
Familieshavealso13changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;14,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome15wascommoninthetraditionalfamily16.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other__17_causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased__18_ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing19ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,20adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
1.[A]acting[B]relying[C]centering[D]commenting
2.[A]before[B]unless[C]until[D]because
3.[A]interaction[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D]consultation
4.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference[D]response
5.[A]or[B]butrather[C]but[D]orelse
6.[A]considering[B]ignoring[C]highlighting[D]discarding
7.[A]on[B]in[C]for[D]with
8.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive[D]subject
9.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]chock[D]reflect
10.[A]point[B]lead[C]come[D]amount
11.[A]ingeneral[B]onaverage[C]bycontrast[D]atlength
12.[A]case[B]short[C]turn[D]essence
13.[A]survived[B]noticed[C]undertaken[D]experienced
14.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly[D]simultaneously
15.[A]than[B]that[C]which[D]as
16.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept[D]heritage
17.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible[D]incredible
18.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation[D]availability
19.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure[D]popularity
20.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposing
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite’s“personalsearchagent”.It’saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectualpropertyandWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold,”saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany.
Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanhetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:
“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility,”saysoneexpert.
Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept—whatyouthinkyouwanttodo—thenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,”saysanotherexpert.“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.”Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.“Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,”saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.
Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs—thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem—andtheydo.“Onthedayafterwesendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,”saysSethPeets,vicepresidentofmarketingforCareerSite.
Eventhosewhoaren’thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder.“Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen,”hesays.Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.
21.HowdidRedmonfindhisjob?
[A]Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase.[B]Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase.
[C]Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase.[D]ByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase.
22.Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents?
[A]Lackofcounseling.[B]Limitednumberofvisits.
[C]Lowerefficiency.[D]Fewersuccessfulmatches.
23.Theexpression“tipservice”(Line4,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans.
[A]advisory.[B]compensation.
[C]interaction.[D]reminder.
24.WhydoesCareerSite’sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejoboptions?
[A]Tofocusonbetterjobmatches.[B]Toattractmorereturningvisits.
[C]Toreservespaceformoremessages.[D]Toincreasetherateofsuccess.
25.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?
[A]Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters.
[B]SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheirdemands.
[C]Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed.
[D]Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployed.
Text2
Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:
alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.
IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoëZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.
ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrétienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).
Canthismerelybecoincidence?
Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.
Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:
alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.
26.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?
[A]Akindofoverlookedinequality.[B]Atypeofconspicuousbias.
[C]Atypeofpersonalprejudice.[D]Akindofbranddiscrimination.
27.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?
[A]InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.
[B]ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoëZysman.
[C]Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names.
[
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