数字鸿沟的演变和决定因素外文文献翻译.docx
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数字鸿沟的演变和决定因素外文文献翻译.docx
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数字鸿沟的演变和决定因素外文文献翻译
数字鸿沟的演变和决定因素外文翻译
英文
EvolutionanddeterminantsofdigitaldivideinBrazil(2005–2013)
MarisleiNishijima,TerryIvanauskas,FlaviaSarti
Abstract
Duringthelastdecades,thewidespreadgrowthofinformationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICT)hasposedincentivestobroadentheparticipationofindividualsinsocial,politicalandeconomicdimensionsoflife.However,utilizationofICTalsoinvolvesaccesstotechnologyandinfrastructure,andacquisitionofskillstodealwithinnovationsand,thus,digitalliteracyis,primarily,acomplementarygood.ThedigitaldivideexpressesinequalitiesinaccessandutilizationofICTamongindividualsandpopulationsindifferentcountries.ThestudyadoptsinequalitiesindexesofInternetaccessandmobilephoneownershiptomeasureuseofICTgoods,accountingforthedigitaldivideinBrazil.Theinequalityindexesarealsosplitaccordingtomaindeterminantsusingfournationallyrepresentativesurveydatafrom2005to2013.ResultsindicatethatthedigitaldivideamongindividualsisdecreasingquitefastamongBraziliansovertime.However,thereisroomforpoliciesofmassaccesstoICTgoodsbasedonmobileInternetbroadbandaccess.Inaddition,digitalilliteracy,evaluatedbylackofeducation,isoneofthemaindeterminantsofthedigitaldivideinthecountry,especiallyamongelderlyindividuals.
Keywords:
Internet,Digitaldivide,Inequality,Access,Mobile
Introduction
Therecentwidespreadgrowthofinformationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICT)posesincentivestobroadentheparticipationofindividualsinsocial,politicalandeconomicdimensionsoflife;includingtheaccesstokeyinformationandtheopportunitiesofsocialinteractionthatincludeeducation,leisureandworkingactivities.However,theaccesstoICTpresupposestheaccesstotechnologyandinfrastructure,andalsoacquisitionofskillstodealwithinnovationsofthedigitalworld(Prieger(2013), Wirthmann(2010), Wirthmann(2012)).
Severalstudiesshowtheroleofsocioeconomic,culturalandgeographicalcharacteristicsindeterminingtheleveloftechnologicaladvancesamongcountriesworldwide.Thedefinitionofdigitaldividerefersto“thegapbetweenindividuals,households,businesses,andgeographicareasatdifferentsocioeconomiclevelswithregardbothtotheiropportunitiestoaccessICTsandtotheiruseoftheinternetforawidevarietyofactivities”(OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment[OECD],2001,p.5),anditrepresentsthemeasurementofinequalitiesinaccessingandusingICTamongindividualsandpopulationsindifferentcountries(Dasgupta,Lall,&Wheeler(2011), Pantea&Martens(2013), Vicente&López(2011), Zhang(2013)).
Zhao,Collier,andDeng(2014) pointoutthatdigitaldivideliteratureusuallyinvestigatestwodimensions:
digitaldivideamongcountries(internationaldigitaldivide)oramongindividuals/groupsofindividualswithinacountry(domesticdigitaldivide).Regardingthefirstdimension,evidenceshowsthatthereissignificantgapbetweendevelopinganddevelopedcountriesduetosocioeconomicfactors,mainlyduetodifferencesinincomeandeducationalattainment.Inrelationtotheseconddimension,studiestend“tofocusonspecificgroupsofpeoplewithinanationwhoappearespeciallydisadvantagedbythedigitaldivide(…)peopleonlowincomes,peoplewithlimitededucationorlowliteracylevels,ethnicminorities,theunemployed,theelderly,peopleinisolatedorruralareas,peoplewithdisabilities,singleparents,andwomenandgirls”(Zhaoetal.,2014,p.40).
Thepresentstudyfollows Zhang(2013) toevaluatetheBraziliandomesticdigitaldivide,adoptingtheinequalityindextoanalyzetherelationshipbetweenincome,InternetaccessandmobilephoneaccessintheBrazilianpopulation.TheinequalityofICTaccessisestimatedcontrollingforgeographical,socioeconomicanddemographiccharacteristics,usingnationallyrepresentativedata.TheNationalHouseholdSampleSurvey(PesquisaNacionalporAmostradeDomicílio,PNAD),fromtheBrazilianInstituteforGeographyandStatistics(InstitutoBrasileirodeGeografiaeEstatística,IBGE)in2005,2008,2011and2013,containsinformationofindividualsandhouseholds,includingICTgoodsutilization.Also,inspiredby DewanandRiggins(2005) dimensionofinequalitiesinICTaccessandcapacityofusage,thestudyincludeslogisticmodelstoevaluatethedisaggregationofdigitaldivideamongindividualsinBrazil.
TheestimatesaccountforweightedmeasureofInternetuseamongdifferentindividuals(see James,2008).DifferencesinpopulationsizebetweencountriesandvariationsinincomeamongindividualswithaccesstoInternetwithincountriesmatterfortheproposedconceptofdigitaldivide.Also,theinfluenceofdigitalilliteracyonICTaccessisinvestigatedinthecaseofelderlyindividuals(olderthan60years).
AlthoughthereisscarcityofinformationaboutthedigitaldivideanditsdeterminantsinBrazil,itisknownthatthereisapositivetrendinBrazilian'saccesstomultimediabroadbandcommunicationinrecentyears,aswellasinitsregions.
DigitaldivideinBrazilandLatinAmerica
AccordingtoWorldBankdata,theLatinAmericanandCaribbeancountries’populationshadincreasedInternetaccessin2014,with44.0%ofthepopulationhavingaccesstocomputers,50.2%havingInternetsubscriptions,9.8%havingbroadbandsubscriptions,andtherebeing115subscribersofmobileper100people.
IncomparisontothepopulationofNorthAmerica(82.1%,87.3%,31.5%,and117,respectively),andEuropeandCentralAsia(74.4%,79.2%,23.7%and126,respectively),theevidencesuggestsreductionofthetechnologicalgapbetweenregionsworldwidewithregardtomobiletechnologies;however,therearestilldisparitiesinrelationtobroadband,Internetandcomputersaccess(Balboni,Rovira,&Vergara,2011).InBrazil,52.0%ofthepopulationhasaccesstocomputers,57.6%haveInternetsubscription,11.7%havebroadbandsubscription,and139aresubscribersofmobileper100people.
Accordingto Lutz-Baliamoune(2003),informationandcommunicationtechnologymarketsinLatinAmericancountriesarecharacterizedbylackofcompetitiveness.However,theexpansionofmobiletelephonyinBrazilisverystriking:
accordingtodatafromInstitutoBrasileirodeGeografiaeEstatística(IBGE,2015),72.8%ofthepopulationabove10yearsoldownedamobilephonein2013.
Furthermore,Internetservicewasavailableforatleast90%ofthepopulationlivingin18BrazilianstatesandBraziliancountrycapitalin2015,andtheremainingstateshadInternetservicescoveragerangingfrom71%to88%ofthepopulation(AgênciaNacionaldeTelecomunicações[ANATEL],2016).Despitetheoptimisticscenario,highpricesofmobilephoneswithInternetapplications(smartphonesandmobile3G/4G)arestillprohibitiveandrestricttheexpansionoftheInternetinprepaidsectorofthemobilebroadbandmarket.
Macedo(2010) analyzesdeterminantsofbroadbandaccessoftheBrazilianmunicipalitiesandfindsapositiveimpactofsocialwellbeingindicators(health,educationandincomepercapita)onbroadbandaccess. Balbonietal.(2011) stresstheneedforadditionalempiricalstudiesanduseofindividual-leveldatatoevaluatetheextentandthecharacteristicsofthedigitaldivideinLatinAmericanandCaribbeancountries.
Determinantsofdigitaldivide
Severalstudiesinvestigatedeterminantsofdigitaldivideamongcountriesworldwideandamongindividualswithincountries.Resultsofthestudiesindicatethatthemainfactorsassociatedwithindividualandhousehold-levelinequalitiesinICTaccessare:
income,age,educationalattainment,areaofresidence,andoccupation.
Singh(2004) analyzesdeterminantsofInternetuseinCanadausingalogitmodelappliedtoindividual-leveldata.Theresultsindicatethatage(individualsinagebrackets15–34and35–54yearsold),familyincome,educationallevel,andfamilyofsingleparentswithchildrenpresentpositiveimpactonInternetaccess.
CernoandAmaral(2006) useaprobitmodelintwostagestocorrectforselectionbiasinordertoestimatedeterminantsofInternetdemandinSpain,andfindthatincomehaspositiveeffectandagehasnegativeeffect. ChakrabortyandBosman(2005) proposetheutilizationoftheLorenzCurveandtheGinicoefficientformeasurementofinequalityinpersonalcomputerownershipintheUnitedStates,usingdataatnational,regionalandstatelevelsbasedontheCensusbetween1994and2001.
Vehovar,Sicherl,Hüsing,andDolnicar(2006) criticizetheutilizationofbivariatecomparisonsforassessmentofdigitaldivide,proposingthreedifferentapproachestoitsmeasurement:
theuseofloglinearmodelingtoaddressinteractionsamongdeterminantsofthedigitaldivide,thepropositionofasyntheticcompositeindicatorfordigitaldividemeasurement,andtheuseoftime-distancemethodologytoinvestigateevolutionindigitaldivide.
DemoussisandGiannakopoulos(2006) useaprobitmodeltoestimatethedeterminantsandtheextentofuseofInternetaccessinEuropeancountries.TheresultspointtothefactthatInternetuseisassociatedwithincome,age,sexandfamilysize.TheInternetutilizationisloweramongdial-upusers,althoughitisnotaffectedbycostsofthedial-upconnection.
Dudek(2007) usesaqualitativeresponsemodel(probit)forPolishindividual-leveldatawithasetofusualexplanatoryvariablesadoptedinstudiesinvolvingthedeterminantsofresidentialInternetaccess(income,gender,ethnicgroup,educationallevel,age,locationofresidence,andpresenceofchildren).Thestudyshowsthatincome,educationallevelandpresenceofchildrenhaveapositiveeffectonre
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- 数字 鸿沟 演变 决定 因素 外文 文献 翻译