简明语言学教程.docx
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简明语言学教程.docx
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简明语言学教程
Chapter1Introduction
Whatislinguistics?
什么是语言学
[A]Thedefinitionoflinguistics
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage(对语言进行的科学研究)
[B]ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics普通语言学:
thestudyoflanguageasawhole从整体研究
1.Phonetics:
thestudyusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofphonetics.thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds(orthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)(Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified)
2.Phonology:
isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning)
3.Morphology:
thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords(howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords)
4.Syntax:
thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences(howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences)
5.Semantics:
thestudyofmeaninginabstraction
6.Pragmatics:
thestudyofmeaningincontextofuse
Sociolinguistics:
thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety
Psycholinguistics:
thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemind
Appliedlinguistics:
theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning
Anthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;computationallinguistics
[C]Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics
①Prescriptivevs.Descriptive规定性与描写性
Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive(modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive)
Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.
②Synchronicvs.Diachronic共时性与历时性(现代英语多研究共时性)
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy
Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisdiachronic
③Speechandwriting言语与文字
Theyaretwomajormediaofcommunication.Speechispriortowriting.Speechistongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoshcool.
④Langueandparole语言和言语
ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussureintheearly20thcentury.
ProposedbySwisslinguistsF.deSausse(sociological)
Langue:
referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity(指一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统)
Parole:
referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse(指语言在实际运用中的实现)
⑤Competenceandperformance语言能力与语言运用
ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky(psychological)
Competence:
theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.(理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识)
Performance:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticscommunication.(这种知识在语言交流中的具体实现)
________________________________________
Whatislanguage?
什么是语言
[A]Thedefinitionoflanguage
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(语言是一个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。
)
a)System:
combinedtogetheraccordingtorules(根据规则组合在一起)
b)Arbitrary:
nointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系)
c)Vocal:
theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages(所有语言的首要媒介都是声音)
d)Human:
languageishuman-specific(语言是人类所独有的)
[B]Designfeatures(uniqueproperties):
thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication(识别特征是指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征)
①Arbitrariness(任意性)
Thereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenalinguisticform(eithersoundorword)anditsmeaning.
Whilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.(意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系;虽然是任意性的,但并非完全任意)
a)echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities:
onomatopoeicwords(拟声词)
b)somecompoundwords(某些复合词)
②Productivity(能产性,创造性)
Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.(Creativityoropen-endedness)
★③Duality(双重结构性,两重性或二元性)
Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerssimultaneously.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsoundswhicharemeaningless.Thehigherlevelismorphemeorword(doublearticulation)(语言是一个系统,包含两组结构或者两个层面。
在较低/基本层面存在着语音结构,其自身没有什么意义;较高层面存在着意义单位;结构的双重性/语言的双层性)
④Displacement(跨时空性,移位性)
Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker(refertopastandfuturetimeandtootherlocations)
⑤Culturaltransition(文化传递性)
Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis(everyonewasbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage),thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnt.
Theabove5propertiesmaybetakenasthecorefeaturesofhumanlanguag
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