educational system in canada加拿大教育体系.docx

educational system in canada加拿大教育体系.docx

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educationalsystemincanada加拿大教育体系

EducationinCanada isforthemostpartprovided publicly,fundedandoverseenby federal, provincial,and localgovernments.[16] Educationiswithinprovincialjurisdictionandthecurriculumisoverseenbytheprovince.[17] EducationinCanadaisgenerallydividedinto primaryeducation,followedbysecondaryeducationandpost-secondary.Withintheprovincesundertheministryofeducation,therearedistrictschoolboardsadministeringtheeducationalprograms.[18] Educationiscompulsoryuptotheageof16ineveryprovinceinCanada,exceptforManitoba,OntarioandNewBrunswick,wherethecompulsoryageis18,orassoonasahighschooldiplomahasbeenachieved.Insomeprovincesearlyleavingexemptionscanbegrantedundercertaincircumstancesat14.Canadagenerallyhas190（180inQuebec）schooldaysintheyear,officiallystartingfromSeptember（afterLabourDay）totheendofJune（usuallythelastFridayofthemonth,exceptinQuebecwhenitisjustbeforeJune24 –theprovincialholiday）.

Canada-wide[edit]

Elementary,secondary,andpost-secondaryeducationin Canada isaprovincialresponsibilityandtherearemanyvariationsbetweentheprovinces.Someeducationalfieldsaresupportedatvariouslevelsbyfederaldepartments.Forexample,the DepartmentofNationalDefence includesthe RoyalMilitaryCollegeofCanada,whiletheDepartmentof IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada isresponsiblefortheeducationof FirstNations.[19][20] VocationaltrainingcanbesubsidizedbytheLearningbranchofHumanResourcesandSkillsDevelopmentCanada（afederaldepartment）.[21][22][23]

1950CanadianSchoolTrain.Pupilsattendclassesat Nemegosnear Chapleau,Ontario.

AboutoneoutoftenCanadiansdoesnothaveahighschooldiploma –oneinsevenhasauniversitydegree –theadultpopulationthatiswithoutahighschooldiplomaisacombinationofbothimmigrantandCanadian-born.Inmanyplaces,publiclyfundedhighschoolcoursesareofferedtotheadultpopulation.Theratioofhighschoolgraduatesversusnondiploma-holdersischangingrapidly,partlyduetochangesinthelabourmarketthatrequirepeopletohaveahighschooldiplomaand,inmanycases,auniversitydegree.MajorityofSchools67%percentareco-Ed.

Canadaspendsabout5.4%ofits GDP oneducation.[12] Thecountryinvestsheavilyintertiaryeducation（morethan20000USDperstudent）.[24] Sincetheadoptionof section23 ofthe ConstitutionAct,1982,educationinboth English and French hasbeenavailableinmostplacesacrossCanada（ifthepopulationofchildrenspeakingtheminoritylanguagejustifiesit）,althoughFrenchSecondLanguageeducation/FrenchImmersionisavailabletoanglophonestudentsacrossCanada.

AccordingtoanannouncementofCanadianMinisterofCitizenshipandImmigration,Canadaisintroducinganew,fast-tracksystemtoletforeignstudentsandgraduateswithCanadianworkexperiencebecomepermanenteligibleresidentsinCanada.[25]

MostschoolshaveintroducedoneormoreinitiativessuchasprogramsinNativestudies,antiracism,Aboriginalculturesandcrafts;visitsbyeldersandothercommunitymembers;andcontentinareaslikeindigenouslanguages,Aboriginalspirituality,indigenousknowledgeofnature,andtourstoindigenousheritagesites.[26] Althoughtheseclassesareoffered,mostappeartobelimitedbytheareaorregioninwhichstudentsreside."Thecurriculumisdesignedtoelicitdevelopmentandqualityofpeople'scognitionthroughtheguidingofaccommodationsofindividualstotheirnaturalenvironmentandtheirchangingsocialorder"[27] Finally,"somescholarsviewacademicsasaformof"softpower"helpingtoeducateandtocreatepositiveattitudes.",[28]althoughthereiscriticismthateducatorsaremerely tellingstudentswhattothink,insteadofhowtothinkforthemselves.[29][30][31] Furthermore,"subjectsthattypicallygetassessed（i.e.,languagearts,mathematics,andscience）assumegreaterimportancethannon-assessedsubjects（i.e.,music,visualarts,andphysicaleducation）orfacetsofthecurriculum（i.e.,readingandwritingversusspeakingandlistening）."[32] ThestudentsintheCanadianschoolsystemreceiveavarietyofclassesthatareofferedtothem.Thesystemissetuptomeetthediverseneedsoftheindividualstudent.

Divisionsbyreligionandlanguage[edit]

TheConstitutionofCanadaprovidesconstitutionalprotectionsforsometypesofpubliclyfundedreligious-basedandlanguage-basedschoolsystems.

The ConstitutionAct,1867 containsaguaranteeforpubliclyfundedreligious-based separateschools,providedtheseparateschoolswereestablishedbylawpriortotheprovincejoiningConfederation.Courtcaseshaveestablishedthatthisprovisiondidnotapplyto NovaScotia, NewBrunswick, Manitoba, BritishColumbia,and PrinceEdwardIsland,sincethoseprovincesdidn