educational system in canada加拿大教育体系.docx
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educational system in canada加拿大教育体系.docx
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educationalsystemincanada加拿大教育体系
EducationinCanada isforthemostpartprovided publicly,fundedandoverseenby federal, provincial,and localgovernments.[16] Educationiswithinprovincialjurisdictionandthecurriculumisoverseenbytheprovince.[17] EducationinCanadaisgenerallydividedinto primaryeducation,followedbysecondaryeducationandpost-secondary.Withintheprovincesundertheministryofeducation,therearedistrictschoolboardsadministeringtheeducationalprograms.[18] Educationiscompulsoryuptotheageof16ineveryprovinceinCanada,exceptforManitoba,OntarioandNewBrunswick,wherethecompulsoryageis18,orassoonasahighschooldiplomahasbeenachieved.Insomeprovincesearlyleavingexemptionscanbegrantedundercertaincircumstancesat14.Canadagenerallyhas190(180inQuebec)schooldaysintheyear,officiallystartingfromSeptember(afterLabourDay)totheendofJune(usuallythelastFridayofthemonth,exceptinQuebecwhenitisjustbeforeJune24 –theprovincialholiday).
Canada-wide[edit]
Elementary,secondary,andpost-secondaryeducationin Canada isaprovincialresponsibilityandtherearemanyvariationsbetweentheprovinces.Someeducationalfieldsaresupportedatvariouslevelsbyfederaldepartments.Forexample,the DepartmentofNationalDefence includesthe RoyalMilitaryCollegeofCanada,whiletheDepartmentof IndianandNorthernAffairsCanada isresponsiblefortheeducationof FirstNations.[19][20] VocationaltrainingcanbesubsidizedbytheLearningbranchofHumanResourcesandSkillsDevelopmentCanada(afederaldepartment).[21][22][23]
1950CanadianSchoolTrain.Pupilsattendclassesat Nemegosnear Chapleau,Ontario.
AboutoneoutoftenCanadiansdoesnothaveahighschooldiploma –oneinsevenhasauniversitydegree –theadultpopulationthatiswithoutahighschooldiplomaisacombinationofbothimmigrantandCanadian-born.Inmanyplaces,publiclyfundedhighschoolcoursesareofferedtotheadultpopulation.Theratioofhighschoolgraduatesversusnondiploma-holdersischangingrapidly,partlyduetochangesinthelabourmarketthatrequirepeopletohaveahighschooldiplomaand,inmanycases,auniversitydegree.MajorityofSchools67%percentareco-Ed.
Canadaspendsabout5.4%ofits GDP oneducation.[12] Thecountryinvestsheavilyintertiaryeducation(morethan20000USDperstudent).[24] Sincetheadoptionof section23 ofthe ConstitutionAct,1982,educationinboth English and French hasbeenavailableinmostplacesacrossCanada(ifthepopulationofchildrenspeakingtheminoritylanguagejustifiesit),althoughFrenchSecondLanguageeducation/FrenchImmersionisavailabletoanglophonestudentsacrossCanada.
AccordingtoanannouncementofCanadianMinisterofCitizenshipandImmigration,Canadaisintroducinganew,fast-tracksystemtoletforeignstudentsandgraduateswithCanadianworkexperiencebecomepermanenteligibleresidentsinCanada.[25]
MostschoolshaveintroducedoneormoreinitiativessuchasprogramsinNativestudies,antiracism,Aboriginalculturesandcrafts;visitsbyeldersandothercommunitymembers;andcontentinareaslikeindigenouslanguages,Aboriginalspirituality,indigenousknowledgeofnature,andtourstoindigenousheritagesites.[26] Althoughtheseclassesareoffered,mostappeartobelimitedbytheareaorregioninwhichstudentsreside."Thecurriculumisdesignedtoelicitdevelopmentandqualityofpeople'scognitionthroughtheguidingofaccommodationsofindividualstotheirnaturalenvironmentandtheirchangingsocialorder"[27] Finally,"somescholarsviewacademicsasaformof"softpower"helpingtoeducateandtocreatepositiveattitudes.",[28]althoughthereiscriticismthateducatorsaremerely tellingstudentswhattothink,insteadofhowtothinkforthemselves.[29][30][31] Furthermore,"subjectsthattypicallygetassessed(i.e.,languagearts,mathematics,andscience)assumegreaterimportancethannon-assessedsubjects(i.e.,music,visualarts,andphysicaleducation)orfacetsofthecurriculum(i.e.,readingandwritingversusspeakingandlistening)."[32] ThestudentsintheCanadianschoolsystemreceiveavarietyofclassesthatareofferedtothem.Thesystemissetuptomeetthediverseneedsoftheindividualstudent.
Divisionsbyreligionandlanguage[edit]
TheConstitutionofCanadaprovidesconstitutionalprotectionsforsometypesofpubliclyfundedreligious-basedandlanguage-basedschoolsystems.
The ConstitutionAct,1867 containsaguaranteeforpubliclyfundedreligious-based separateschools,providedtheseparateschoolswereestablishedbylawpriortotheprovincejoiningConfederation.Courtcaseshaveestablishedthatthisprovisiondidnotapplyto NovaScotia, NewBrunswick, Manitoba, BritishColumbia,and PrinceEdwardIsland,sincethoseprovincesdidn
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