International Business Culture.docx
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International Business Culture.docx
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InternationalBusinessCulture
InternationalBusinessCulture
黄云琳
SessionOne
✹BasicsofInternationalbusinessculture
Termsininterculturalcommunication
✹Stereotype
✹Prejudice
✹Ethnocentrism
✹Empathy
I.DefinitionsofCulture
“itiseverything”(c)
“itisopera,art,andballet”(C)
sociologists,anthologists,psychologists,physiologists,linguists,etc.
Dictionarydefinition:
✹thecustoms,beliefs,art,music,andalltheotherproductsofhumanthoughtmadebyaparticulargroupofpeopleataparticulartime;artisticandotheractivityofthemindandtheworksproducedbythis.
Onedefinition
✹Cultureisasetoflearnedcorevalues,beliefs,standards,knowledge,morals,laws,andbehaviorssharedbyindividualsandsocietiesthatdetermineshowanindividualacts,feels,andviewsoneselfandothers.
CharacteristicsofCulture
1.CultureIsLearned(softwareofthemind)
education(secondarysocialization)(formal)
Socializationsocialization(primarysocialization)(=enculturation)(informal)
Interaction,observation,imitation
Internalized,habitual
A. Welearnourculturethroughproverbs.
✹Strikewhiletheironishot.
✹Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.
✹Aman’shomeishiscastle.
✹Onedoesnotmakethewindbutisblownbyit.
✹Anironpestlecangrounddowntoaneedle,perseverancewillmakesuccess.
B. Welearnourculturefromfolktales,legends,andmyths.
✹Pinocchio’snosegrowinglarger
✹Cinderella(USA:
attractive,weakandpassive;Japan:
intellectual,gentleness;…)
C. Welearnourculturethroughart.
✹Artisasymbolicwayofcommunicating
Asiancountries,objects,animals,landscape
AmericanandEuropeancountries,people(Artiststrytocreateapersonalmessage)innovate,invent
D.Welearnourculturethroughmassmedia.
Innovation:
isusuallydefinedasthediscoveryofnewpractices,tools,orconceptsthatmanymembersofthecultureeventuallyacceptandthatmayproduceslightchangesinsocialhabitsandbehaviors.
✹Diffusion:
istheborrowingbyoneculturefromanother.Historically,diffusionhasbeenpartofculturalcontactforaslongascultureshaveexisted.
✹Acculturation:
asatypeofculturalchange,occurswhenasocietyundergoesdrasticculturechangeundertheinfluenceofamoredominantcultureandsocietywithwhichithascomeincontact.
CulturalComponents
language,religion,valuesandattitudes,mannersandcustoms,aesthetics,materialelements,education,andsocialinstitutions
Language
✹mirrorofculture
✹multidimensional
2).Languagecapabilityservesfourdistinctrolesininternationalbusiness.
✹Languageisimportantininformationgatheringandevaluation.
✹Languageprovidesaccesstolocalsociety.
✹Languagecapabilityisincreasinglyimportantincompanycommunications,whetherwithinthecorporationfamilyorwithchannelmembers.
✹Languageprovidesmorethantheabilitytocommunicate.
NonverbalLanguage
Religion
✹1).AnobviousexampleoftheeffectoninternationalbusinessofreligiousbeliefsistheprohibitionofporkproductsandalcoholicbeveragesintheMiddleEast.
✹2).Majorholidaysareoftentiedtoreligion.
✹3).Theroleofwomeninbusinessistiedtoreligion,especiallyintheMiddleEast,wheretheyarenotabletofunctionastheywouldintheWest.(implications?
)
ValuesandAttitudes
✹1).Valuesaresharedbeliefsorgroupnormsthathavebeeninternalizedbyindividuals.Attitudesareevaluationsofalternativesbasedonthesevalues.
Culturalvalues
primary,secondary,tertiary
MannersandCustoms
✹1).Understandingmannersandcustomsisespeciallyimportantinnegotiations,becauseinterpretationsbasedonone’sownframeofreferencemayleadtoatotallyincorrectconclusion.
MaterialElements
✹Materialculturereferstotheresultsoftechnologyandisdirectlyrelatedtohowasocietyorganizesitseconomiccapacity.
✹Technologicaladvanceshaveprobablybeenthemajorcauseofculturalchangeinmanycountries.
Aesthetics
✹Eachculturemakesaclearstatementconcerninggoodtaste,asexpressedintheartsandintheparticularsymbolismofcolor,form,andmusic.
Education
✹Education,eitherformalorinformal,playsamajorroleinthepassingonandsharingofculture.
✹Educationallevelswillhaveanimpactonvariousbusinessfunctions.
✹Iftechnologyismarketed,thelevelofsophisticationoftheproductwilldependontheeducationalleveloffutureusers.
SocialInstitutions
✹A. Socialinstitutionsaffectthewayspeoplerelatetoeachother.
✹B. Theconceptofkinship,orbloodrelationsbetweenindividuals.
✹C.Socialorganizationalsodeterminestherolesofmanagersandsubordinatesandhowtheyrelatetooneanother.
Objective/factualinformation
vs
experiential/interpretiveknowledge
CulturalAdaptation
Itreferstothemakingofbusinessdecisionsappropriatetotheculturaltraitsofthesociety.
Aself-referencecriterion(SRC):
Wheneverpeoplearefacedwithunfamiliarsituations,theirownvaluesarethemeasurefortheirunderstandingandresponsetothecircumstances.
SessionTwo
✹nonverbalcommunication
I.Theimportanceofnonverbalcommunication
✹1.Wemakeimportantjudgmentsanddecisionsaboutothersbasedontheirnon-verbalbehavior.
✹2. Weusetheactionsofotherstolearnabouttheiraffectiveoremotionalstates.
✹3. Manyofournonverbalactionsarenoteasilycontrolledconsciously.
✹4. Nonverbalcommunicationisimportanttothestudyofinterculturalcommunicationbecauseagreatdealofnonverbalbehaviorspeaksauniversallanguage.
Definingnonverbalcommunication
✹1.Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.
✹2.Nonverbalmessagesmaybebothintentionalandunintentional.
Functionsofnonverbalcommunication
✹Nonverbalcommunicationhasfivebasicfunctions:
torepeat,complement,substituteforaverbalaction,regulate,andcontradictacommunicationevent.
Nonverbalcommunication:
guidelinesandlimitations
✹1. Itisimportanttorememberthatweareallmorethanourculture.
✹Thisisanotherwayofsayingwearenotallalikewhenitcomestovalues,attitudes,beliefs,andnonverbalcommunication.
Nonverbalcommunicationandculture
✹1.Muchofournonverbalbehavior,likeculture,tendstobeelusive,spontaneous,andfrequentlybeyondourawareness.
Twocomprehensivecategories:
✹
(1)thoseprimarilyproducedbythebody:
appearance,movements(kinesics),facialexpressions,eyecontact,touch;
✹
(2)thosetheindividualcombineswiththesetting:
space,time,andsilence.
SpaceandDistance
✹Personalspace
✹Howhumansusespaceisreferredtoasproxemics.EdwardT.Hallsuggeststhat“eachpersonhasaroundhimaninvisiblebubbleofspacewhichexpandsandcontractsdependingonhisrelationshiptothosearoundhim,hisemotionalstate,andtheactivityheisperforming.”BasedonhisobservationsofNorthAmericans,Halldevelopedfourcategoriesofdistanceinhumaninteractions:
4.Time
✹Wecanunderstandaculture'ssenseoftimebylearningabouthowmembersofthatcultureviewinformaltime.
✹Attitudestowardtimealsoappearinthewayspeopleconceiveofthepast,present,andfuture.
✹Culturalorientationstowardtimecanbeclassifiedasmonochronicorpolychronic
5.Silence
✹Theuseofsilencevariesfromculturetoculture.
✹Generally,Easternculturesvaluesilencemorethantheuseofwords;inWesterncultures,theoppositeistrue.
SessionThree
CulturalPattern
Itreferstoboththeconditionsthatcontributetothewayinwhichapeopleperceiveandthinkabouttheworld,andthemannerinwhichtheyliveinthatworld.
Cautionaryremarksforonetobetterusetheculturalpatterns
✹Thevalueoftheculturemaynotbethevalueofallindividualswithintheculture.
✹Itwouldbeusefulifyoutrytovisualizeeachculture’sresponsetoaspecificpatternasapointonacontinuumratherthanoneofonlytwopossibleresponses.
✹Thepatternareinterrelatedwithahostofothervaluesanddonotoperateinisolation.
Hofstede'sDimensions
GeertH.HofstedewasbornonOctober2,1928inHaarlem,theNetherlands.
Hofstedeismostwellknownforhisworkonfourdimensionsofculturalvariability:
UncertaintyAvoidance,PowerDistance,Masculinity-Femininity,Individualism-Collectivism
IndividualismvsCollectivism
✹OnindividualistculturesHofstede’srespondentssaidthatindividualsshouldlookaftertheirowninterestsandtheinterestsoftheirimmediatefamily(husband,wife,andchildren).
TraitsofHighlyIndividualistCultures
Emphasisonindividualinitiative,decisions,andachievement.
✹TraitsofCollectivistCultures
Emphasisonbelongingtogroupsandorganizationsthatmakedecisionsandprotectpeopleinexchangefortheirloyalty
✹Thebeliefthatinsociety,everyoneissupposedtotakecareofhimselforherselfandhisorherimmediatefamily
✹Expertise,order,duty,securityprovidedbytheorganizationorclan
✹“I”consciousnessandself-orientation:
identitybasedintheindividual
✹“We”consciousnessandcollectivityorientation:
identityrootedinthesocialsystem
✹Emotionalindependenceoftheindividualfromorganizationsorinstitutions
✹Emotionaldependenceoftheindividualonorganizationsandinstitutions
✹Beliefthateveryonehasarighttoaprivatelifeandopinion
✹Theinvasionofprivatelifebyorganizationsandclanstowhichtheindividualbelongs;opinionspredetermined
✹The
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