Tidal stream generator.docx
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Tidal stream generator.docx
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Tidalstreamgenerator
Tidalstreamgenerator
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Thisarticleis outdated. Pleaseupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(April2013)
Evopod -Asemi-submergedfloatingapproachtestedinStrangfordLough.
A tidalstreamgenerator, oftenreferredtoasa tidalenergyconverter(TEC) isamachinethatextracts energy frommovingmassesofwater,inparticular tides,althoughthetermisoftenusedinreferencetomachinesdesignedtoextractenergyfromrunofriverortidalestuarinesites.Certaintypesofthesemachinesfunctionverymuchlikeunderwater windturbines,andarethusoftenreferredtoas tidalturbines.Theywerefirstconceivedinthe1970sduringtheoilcrisis.[1]
Tidalstreamgeneratorsarethecheapestandtheleastecologicallydamagingamongthe threemainforms of tidalpowergeneration.[2]
Contents
[hide]
∙1 Similaritytowindturbines
∙2 Typesoftidalstreamgenerators
o2.1 Axialturbines
o2.2 Verticalandhorizontalaxiscrossflowturbines
o2.3 Flowaugmentedturbines
o2.4 Oscillatingdevices
o2.5 Venturieffect
∙3 Commercialplans
∙4 Energycalculations
o4.1 Turbinepower
o4.2 Resourceassessment
∙5 Potentialsites
∙6 Environmentalimpacts
∙7 Seealso
∙8 References
Similaritytowindturbines [edit]
Tidalstreamgeneratorsdrawenergyfromwatercurrentsinmuchthesamewayas windturbines drawenergyfromaircurrents.However,thepotentialforpowergenerationbyanindividualtidalturbinecanbegreaterthanthatofsimilarlyratedwindenergyturbine.Thehigherdensityofwaterrelativetoair(waterisabout800timesthedensityofair)meansthatasinglegeneratorcanprovidesignificantpoweratlowtidalflowvelocitiescomparedwithsimilarwindspeed.[3]Giventhatpowervarieswiththedensityofmediumandthecubeofvelocity,waterspeedsofnearlyone-tenththespeedofwindprovidethesamepowerforthesamesizeofturbinesystem;howeverthislimitstheapplicationinpracticetoplaceswherethetidemovesatspeedsofatleast2 knots(1 m/s)evenclosetoneaptides.Furthermore,athigherspeedsinaflowbetween2to3 metrespersecondinseawateratidalturbinecantypicallyaccessfourtimesasmuchenergyperrotorsweptareaasasimilarlyratedpowerwindturbine.
Typesoftidalstreamgenerators [edit]
Sincetidalstreamgeneratorsareanimmaturetechnology,nostandardtechnologyhasyetemergedastheclearwinner,butalargevarietyofdesignsarebeingexperimentedwith,someveryclosetolargescaledeployment.Severalprototypeshaveshownpromisewithmanycompaniesmakingboldclaims,someofwhichareyettobeindependentlyverified,buttheyhavenotoperatedcommerciallyforextendedperiodstoestablishperformancesandratesofreturnoninvestments.
The EuropeanMarineEnergyCentre recognizessixprincipaltypesoftidalenergyconverter.Theyarehorizontalaxisturbines,verticalaxisturbines,oscillatinghydrofoils,venturidevices,ArchimedesScrew,tidalkite.[4][5]
Axialturbines [edit]
Bottom-mountedaxialturbines
Acabletetheredturbine
Thesearecloseinconcepttotraditionalwindmillsoperatingundertheseaandhavethemostprototypescurrentlyoperating.Theseinclude:
TheAR-1000,a1MWtidalturbinedevelopedbyAtlantisResourcesCorporationwhichwassuccessfullydeployedandcommissionedattheEMECfacilityduringthesummerof2011.TheARseriesturbinesarecommercialscaleHorizontalAxisTurbinesdesignedforopenoceandeploymentintheharshestenvironmentsontheplanet.ARturbinesfeatureasinglerotorsetwithhighlyefficientfixedpitchblades.TheARturbineisrotatedasrequiredwitheachtidalexchange.Thisisdoneintheslackperiodbetweentidesandfixedinplacefortheoptimalheadingforthenexttide.ARturbinesareratedat1MW@2.65m/sofwaterflowvelocity.[citationneeded]
Kvalsund,southof Hammerfest, Norway.[6] Althoughstillaprototype,aturbinewithareportedcapacityof300 kWwasconnectedtothegridon13November2003.
A300 kWPeriodflowmarinecurrentpropellertypeturbine—Seaflow—wasinstalledby MarineCurrentTurbines offthecoastof Lynmouth, Devon,England,in2003.[7] The11mdiameterturbinegeneratorwasfittedtoasteelpilewhichwasdrivenintotheseabed.Asaprototype,itwasconnectedtoadumpload,nottothegrid.
SinceApril2007 VerdantPower[8] hasbeenrunningaprototypeprojectinthe EastRiver between Queens and RooseveltIslandinNewYorkCity;itwasthefirstmajortidal-powerprojectintheUnitedStates.[9] Thestrongcurrentsposechallengestothedesign:
thebladesofthe2006and2007prototypesbrokeoff,andnewreinforcedturbineswereinstalledinSeptember2008.[10][11]
FollowingtheSeaflowtrial,afull-sizeprototype,called SeaGen,wasinstalledbyMarineCurr
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