硕士研究生入学统一测试英语考题和答案下.docx

硕士研究生入学统一测试英语考题和答案下.docx

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硕士研究生入学统一测试英语考题和答案下

硕士研究生入学统一测试英语考题和答案下

Text3　　Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld，somethingstronghappenedtothelargeanimals；theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived，thelarge，slow-growinganimalswereeasygame，andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.　　Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceansthattheseasarebeingover-fishedhasbeenknownforyearswhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdenotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass（theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter）offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean，butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature，thebiomassoflargepredators（animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals）inanesfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas，ithashalvedagainsincethenDr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative，onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimprovedToday‘svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar，whichwerenotavailable50yearsagothatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught，sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays，too，longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught，sincetobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem，leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore，intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing，alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem，becausetherearefewersharksaroundnoise.　　Dr.MyersandDr.wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline，whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatesupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists，thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”。

Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedformafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat，whichisabadwaytodebusiness.　　31、Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat　　A、largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment　　B、smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared　　C、largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.　　D、Slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones　　32、whocaninferformDrMyersandDr.Worm‘spaperthat　　A、thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%　　B、thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesaretherewere15yearsago　　C、thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount　　D、thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisherishthanintheold　　33、Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative（linein，paragragf-3），Drwormmeansthat　　A、fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly　　B、thencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthenrecorded　　C、themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss　　D、thedatecollectedsofararepitpfdate.　　34、DrMyersandotherresearchersholdthat　　A、peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan‘tworkforalongertime　　B、fisheriesshouldkeeptheyieldbelow50%ofthebiomass　　C、theoceanbiomassshouldrestoreditsoriginallevel.　　D、peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituation.　　35、Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries‘　　A、managementefficiency　　B、biomasslevel　　C、catch-sizelimits　　D、technologicalapplication.　　Text4　　Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdandtheweirdestmaybethis：

artists‘onlyjobistoexploreemotions，andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.　　Thiswasn‘talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart，likepaintingandmusic，arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury，moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipid，phonyor，worstofall，boringaswewentfromWordsworth’sdaffodilstoBaudelaire‘sflowersofevil.　　Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butit‘snotasifearliertimesdidn’tknowperpetualwar，disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason，infact，maybejusttheopposite：

thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.　　Afterall，whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness？

Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia，andwithit，acommercialcultureinwhi