医学英语课文翻译.docx
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医学英语课文翻译.docx
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医学英语课文翻译
第一单元 AHistoryofTCM
TextAAHistoryofTCM
ThehistoryoftraditionalChinesemedicinecanbetracedthrougharchaeologicalexcavationsextendingbackmillionsofyears.Primitivepeoplespentmostoftheirtimeonbasicsurvival:
hunting,locatingandpreparingplantsforfood,buildingshelters,anddefendingthemselves.It'seasytoimaginethatovertime,they'dhavesampledmostofthelocalplantsintheirsearchforfood.Intime,anoralrecordevolvedthatidentifiedthoseplantsthatmadegoodfood,thosethatwereusefulforbuilding,thosethathadaneffectonillness,andthosethatwerepoisonous.Throughtrialanderror,aprimitiveformofherbalmedicineanddietarytherapywastakingshapein China.
Firealsoplayedacentralroleintheirlivesasasourceofwarmth,fuel,and light.Astheyhuddledaroundfires,itwasonlynaturalthatourancestorswoulddiscoverthehealingpowersofheat.Thosepowerswouldhavebeenespeciallyevidentforcold,dampailmentssuchas arthritis,forwhichheatprovidesimmediaterelief.Thiswastheoriginoftheartofmoxibustion,thetherapeuticapplicationofheattotreatawidevarietyofconditions.
Theseancientpeoplemusthaveexperiencedavarietyofinjuriesduringtheirruggedlives.Anaturalreactionto pain istoruborpressontheaffectedarea.Thishands-ontherapygraduallyevolvedintoasystemoftherapeuticmanipulation.Peoplediscoveredthatpressingoncertainpointsonthebodyhadwide-rangingeffects.Theybegantousepiecesofsharpenedboneorstonetoenhancethesensation,andacupuncturewasborn.
WrittenHistoryofTraditionalChineseMedicine
ThewrittenhistoryoftraditionalChinesemedicinehasevolvedmostlyoverthelast3,000years.ArchaeologicaldigsfromtheShangDynasty(1,000b.c.)haverevealedmedicalwritingsinscribedondivinationbones:
earlyshamans,mostly women,usedscapulabonestoperformdivinationrites;latertheseboneswerealsousedforwriting.
Thediscoveryin1973of11medicaltextswrittenonsilkhasshedsomelightonthesophisticatedpracticesofthatearlyperiodofChinesehistory.Datedto168B.C.,thetextsdiscuss diet, exercise,moxibustion,andherbaltherapy.Liberallymixedwithshamanisticmagic,anextensivetext,PrescriptionsforFifty-twoAilments,describesthepharmacologicaleffectsofherbsandfoods.AlsodatingfromaboutthistimeisthelegendofShenNong,theEmperorofAgriculture,whotasted100herbsdailytoassesstheirqualities.(Heissaidtohavebeenpoisonedmanytimesinthecourseofhisinvestigations.)
ByA.D.400,thebasicfoundationsoftraditionalChinesemedicinehadbeenputintowrittenform.Bythistime,mostofthemagicalaspectsofmedicinehadbeenleftbehind;therewasanincreasingbeliefinthepowersofnaturetohealdisease.Themostimportantbookcompiledbetween300B.C.andA.D.400is HuangDiNeiJing(Huangdi’sCanonofMedicine).Theworkisdividedintotwobooks:
SimpleQuestions and SpiritualAxis.Thefirstbookdealswithgeneraltheoreticalprinciples,whilethesecondmorespecificallydescribestheprinciplesofacupunctureandthetreatmentofdisease.Remarkably,thisancientworkisstillvalid;itformsthefoundationforthecontemporarypracticeoftraditionalChinesemedicine.Forexample,the NeiJingstatesthatcolddiseasesshouldbetreatedwithhotherbs,andhotdiseasesshouldbetreatedwithcoldherbs.Thisprincipleisstillfollowedtodayinclinicalpractice.Hot,inflammatoryinfectionsaretreatedwithcoldherbssuchashoneysuckleflowersor Coptis root;cold,debilitatingconditionssuchas chronicfatigue aretreatedwithwarm,stimulatingherbssuchasginsengorAstragalus roots.
Modernresearchhasconfirmedthattheseplantscontainconstituentswithstrongpharmacologicaleffectsonthesespecificconditions.BythesecondcenturyA.D.,physiciansalloverChinawerecompilingwritingsofthelatestdiscoveriesinacupunctureandherbalmedicine.ItwasduringthistimethatthefamousphysicianHuaTuowroteaboutherbalanesthesia.Althoughhisformulafortheanesthetichasbeenlost,hisuniquesystemof acupuncture pointsisstillinuse.Hewasalsoapioneerinrecommendingexerciseasamethodofmaintainingwellness.Heisquotedassaying"arunningstreamnevergoesbad,"meaningexercisemoves qi andpreventsthestagnationthatleadstodisease.
AnotherpioneerofthetimewasZhangZhongjing,whowrote TreatiseonFebrileandMiscellaneousDiseases afterwitnessinganepidemicthatravagedhiscityandkilledmostofhisrelatives.Thishighlyregardedphysiciandevelopedasystemofdiagnosissosophisticatedthatitisusedbypractitionersinmodernhospitals1,700yearsafterhisdeath.
ProgressofMedicineinChina
Theprogressofmedicinein Chinarunsparalleltothenation'spoliticalhistory.Betweenthesecondandfifthcenturies
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