最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit8WritingAbstract.docx
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最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit8WritingAbstract
Unit8WritingAbstract
Objectives
-Learnthepurposeofwritinganacademicabstract
-Gettounderstanddifferenttypesofabstractsandtheabstractelements
-UnderstandfeaturesofacademicEnglishinwritinganabstract
-Learnhowtowriteanacademicabstract
-Learnhowtowritekeywords
Contents
-Teacher’sintroduction
-Readinganddiscussion:
Whatisanacademicabstract?
Whataretheelementsofanabstract?
-Languagefocus:
commonlyusedverbsandtenses;sentencepatterns
-Rewritingpractice:
understanddifferentstylesofacademicabstracts
-Rewritingpractice:
understandtheelementsofanacademicabstract
-Writingpractice:
writeanabstractandkeywordsbasedonthegivenmaterial
1.ReadingActivity
1.1Pre-readingTask
Abstractisanimportantpartofacademicassignments,mostoften,reportsandresearchpapers.Theabstractisthelastitemthatyouwrite,butthefirstthingpeoplereadwhentheywanttohaveaquickoverviewofthewholepaper.Wesuggestthatyouleaveabstractwritingtotheend,becauseyouwillhaveaclearerpictureofallyourfindingsandconclusions.
Beforeyoulearnthedetailedstepstowriteanabstract,pleasediscussthefollowingquestions:
Whatisthepurposeofwritinganabstract?
Whatarethebasicelementsforanacademicabstract?
Whatlanguageproblemsmayyouhaveinabstractwriting?
(Forexample:
thewordingproblem,thetenseproblemandthevoiceproblem,etc.)
1.2ReadingPassage
SampleAbstract1
Thisdissertationexaminestheimpactsofsocialmovementsthroughamulti-layeredstudyoftheMississippiCivilRightsMovementfromitspeakintheearly1960sthroughtheearly1980s.Byexaminingthishistoricallyimportantcase,thewriterclarifiestheprocessbywhichmovementstransformsocialstructuresandtheconstraintswhentheytrytodoso.Thetimeperiodstudiedincludestheexpansionofvotingrightsandgainsinblackpoliticalpower,thedesegregationofpublicschoolsandtheemergenceofwhite-flightacademies,andtheriseandfalloffederalanti-povertyprograms.Twomajorresearchstrategieswereused:
(1)aquantitativeanalysisofcounty-leveldataand
(2)threecasestudies.Datahavebeencollectedfromarchives,interviews,newspapers,andpublishedreports.Thisdissertationchallengestheargumentthatmovementsareinconsequential.Someviewfederalagencies,courts,politicalparties,oreconomicelitesastheagentsdrivinginstitutionalchange,buttypicallythesegroupsactedinresponsetotheleveragebroughttobearbythecivilrightsmovement.TheMississippimovementattemptedtoforgeindependentstructuresforsustainingchallengestolocalinequitiesandinjustices.Bypropellingchangeinanarrayoflocalinstitutions,movementinfrastructureshadanenduringlegacyinMississippi.
(KennethTaitAndrews,“‘Freedomisaconstantstruggle’:
ThedynamicsandconsequencesoftheMississippiCivilRightsMovement,1960-1984″Ph.D.StateUniversityofNewYorkatStonyBrook,1997DAI-A59/02,p.620,Aug1998)
1.3ReadingComprehension
1.3.1Whatdoestheabstracttalkabout?
Whatthestudydoes
Howthestudydoesit
Whatmaterialsareused
Conclusion
1.3.2Decidehowmanyelementsthissampleincludesandhowtheyfunction.
Elements
Functions
2LanguageFocus
2.1Commonlyusedverbsandtensesinabstracts
Readthefollowingsampleabstractandpayattentiontotheverbsusedinit.
Sampleabstract2
Cybercrime–crimeontheInternet–isofgrowingconcerninthebusinesscommunity.DespiteUKGovernmentinitiatives(suchasBS7799)andgrowingsalesinsoftwaresolutions(e.g.anti-virussoftware),cyberattacksareontheincrease.Thisdissertationfocusesonwaystoassesstheeffectivenessofcurrentpreventativemeasurestocybercrimeandtounderstandwhyorganizationscontinuetobevulnerabletocybercrime.Thisdissertationmetthesetwinresearchaimsthroughanextensivestudyofrelevantliteratureandtheimplementationofpracticalresearch.ThelatterwascarriedoutthroughaCaseStudywithCompanyXXXusingsemi-structuredinterviewswithkeyI.T.securitypersonnel.Thisresearchproducedanumberofkeyfindings:
recentsurveysconfirmasignificantincreaseintheincidencesofcybercrimeandtheirimpactonthebusinesscommunitybutalsothetypesofcybercrime(viruses,hacking,spam,identitytheft,fraud,privacyissues,webvandalism,etc.);organizationslackedthesecurityexpertisetodealwithcybercrimeandsodependedtoomuchonreadilyavailabletechnicalwaystocombatcybercrime(andfailing);organizationswerenotawareofGovernmentrecommendationsonhowtoaddressInternet-basedsecurityissues;andGovernmentsandlawenforcementagenciestendedtolocalizecybercrime,allocatingscantresourcestocontributingtoagl
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