语言学期末考试重点.docx
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语言学期末考试重点.docx
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语言学期末考试重点
•Whatislanguage?
Ø“Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.”
•System:
linguisticelementsarearrangedsystematically,ratherthanrandomly.
•Arbitrary:
e.g.book
•Symbolic:
peopleusethesoundsorvocalformstosymbolizewhattheywishtoreferto.
•Vocal:
languageisprimarilyvocal,ratherthanwritten
•Human-specific:
Designfeaturesoflanguage
语言的本质特征Arbitrariness(任意性)
Saussure:
theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning
Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning,evenwithonomatopoeicwords:
ThedogbarksbowwowinEnglishbut“汪汪汪”inChinese.
Onomatopoeia:
wordsthatsoundlikethesoundstheydescribe
Duality(二重性)Languageconsistsoftwolevelsofstructures.Thelower(secondary)levelisadefinitesetofmeaninglesssoundswhichcombinetoformmeaningfulunits(morphemes,words,suchashe,left)whichconstituteahigher(primary)level.
ProductivityorCreativity(创造性)Becauseofdualitythehumanspeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard.
Wordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,andcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatusagebefore.
Displacement(移位性)Onecantalkaboutthingsthatarenotpresent,aseasilyashedoesthingspresent.Inotherwords,onecanrefertorealandunrealthings,thingsofthepast,ofthepresent,ofthefuture.
Ourlanguageenablesustocommunicateaboutthingsthatdonotexistordonotyetexist.
e.g.Adogcannottellpeoplethatitsmasterwillbehomeinafewdays.
Culturaltransmission(文化传递性)Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itcannotbetransmittedthroughheredity.
e.g.apersonlearnstospeakisaculturaloneotherthanageneticonelikethedog’sbarkingsystem.
e.g.aChinesebabybornandbroughtupinLondon
anEnglishchildbroughtupinBeijing
Interchangeability(互换性)Itreferstothatmancanbothproduceandreceivemessage.
Onecanbeaspeakerorahearer
Specialization(专门性)Itreferstothefactthatmandoesnothaveatotalphysicalinvolvementintheactofcommunication
Functionoflanguage(语言功能)
Phaticfunction/communion(寒暄功能)Languageisusedtoestablishanatmosphereormaintainsocialcontactbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.
e.g.Greetings,farewellandcomments
Directivefunction(指令功能Languageisusedtogetthehearertodosomething.
Mostimperativesentencesareofthisfunction.
e.g.openthedoor
Informativefunction(信息功能)Languageisusedtotellsomething,togiveinformation,ortoreasonthingsout.
Declarativesentences:
e.g.Isawheryesterdayonthestreet
Interrogativefunction(疑问功能)Languageisusedtoaskforinformationfromothers.
Allquestionsexpectingrepliesservethisfunction.
e.g.what’syourname?
whattimeisitnow?
Expressivefunction(表达功能)Languageisusedtorevealthespeaker’sattitudesandfeelings.
e.g.Oh,myGod!
Evocativefunction(唤起功能)
Languageisusedtocreatecertainfeelingsinthehearers.
e.g.Jokes,advertising,andpropaganda
Perfomativefunction(施为功能)Languageisusedtodothingsortoperformacts.
e.g.Inowpronounceyouhusbandandwife.
Descriptiveandprescriptivegrammars(描写式和规定式语法)
Descriptivegrammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguage,whileprescriptivegrammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguage.
Astraditionalgrammarstriedtolaydownrules,theyareoftencalledprescriptive.
Mostmodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.
e.g.A:
whoisthat?
B:
It’sme./It’sI.
Synchronicanddiachroniclinguistics(共时与历时语言学)
Whenwestudylanguageatoneparticulartime,itiscalledsynchroniclinguistics.Whenwestudylanguagedevelopmentsthroughtime,itiscalleddiachronicorhistoricallinguistics.
Synchroniclinguisticsfocusesonthestateoflanguageatanypointinhistorywhilediachroniclinguisticsfocusesonthedifferencesintwoormorethantwostatesoflanguageoverdecadesorcenturies.
Langueandparole(语言与言语
F.deSaussuremakeanimportantdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole.
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolereferstoparticularrealizationsoflangue.
Langueisthesocial,conventionalsideoflanguage,whileparoleisindividualizedspeech.
Competenceandperformance(语言能力和语言应用)
AccordingtoChomsky,competencereferstotheknowledgethatnativespeakershaveoftheirlanguageasasystemofabstractformalrelations,whileperformancereferstotheiractuallinguisticbehavior,thatis,theactualuseofthisknowledge.
Chapter2TheSoundsofLanguage
Phonetics
Thestudyofthespeechsoundsthatoccurinallhumanlanguagesiscalledphonetics.Thestudyofsoundscanbedividedintothreemainareas:
ArticulatoryP
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