浙江工商大学跨文化交际期末复习资料.docx
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浙江工商大学跨文化交际期末复习资料.docx
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浙江工商大学跨文化交际期末复习资料
定义
1、Interculturalcommunicationp6
TherearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeabletocommunicateeffectivelywithWesterners。
First,youneedtolearnaforeignlanguage,usuallyEnglish。
Second,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleaboutWesterncultures.However,studyingEnglishlanguageandwesterncultureisnotenough.Youshouldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother-inotherwords,"interculturalcommunication。
”InterculturalcommunicationcanhelpInterpretwhatforeignersmean.
2、Culturep13
AwhitefarmerinIllinois,ablackbankerinNewYorkandaLatinoWalmartworkerinMiamilookdifferentontheoutside,buttheideasandinformationintheirheadswillhavemuchincommon。
Youcouldsaytheyarethreedifferentbandsofcomputersthatlookdifferentontheoutside,buthavealotofthesamesoftwareanddata。
Itisthesesharedideasthatmakeagroupofpeopleintoaculture.Acultureisessentiallyagroupofpeoplewhocarrymanyofthesameideasintheirheads。
3、Stereotypesp15
Itisaderogatoryword.Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow。
Stereotypesmayhaveabasisinfact,buttheyaretoobroadandshallow。
Theygiveusthemistakenideathataculturecanbesummedupeasilyinafewshort,simplestatements。
Stereotypesarealsodangerousbecausetheymaytrickusintobelievingthatknowingafewstereotypesisthesamethingasunderstandinganotherculture。
4、Interpretationp24对外国人进行揣摩
Averyimportantaspectofinterculturalcommunicationis“interpretation”,theprocessofdecidingwhatforeigners’wordsandactionsmeanandwhytheydowhattheydo.Interpretationisapartofallcommunication—eventhemostsimpleconversations。
Thewordsonlyconveypartofthemeaningofthemessage,soyouneedtouseotherevidencetohelpyouinterpretwhathemeansanddecidehowtorespond.Thewayyouinterpretwordsandactionsofindividualforeignerswillshapehowyouevaluatethosepeople.
5、Individualistp32
Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandemphasizetheneedsofindividuals。
Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist。
Theyviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers.
6、Collectivistp32
Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups(families,workunits,tribes,nations),andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.MostAsiancultures,includingChina’s,tendtobecollectivist。
Peopleseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedby,thosecollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthesecultures.
7、Hierarchyp50
Hierarchyisdifferencesinrankandpower.Everysocietyhashierarchytosomedegree。
Inotherwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,perhapsbecausetheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficialposition。
Ontheotherhand,however,mostmodernsocietiesalsobelievethatequalityisavirtue,atleasttosomeextent。
Soeachcultureneedstofinditsownbalancebetweenhierarchyandequality。
Westernculturestrytode-emphasizedifferencesinrankandpowerbycreatingasmuchappearanceofequalityaspossibleandemphasizeegalitarian(平等主义)morethanothers.
8、Cultureshock/fatigue文化冲击P58
Theconstanteffortanduncertaintyofdealingwithaforeignlanguageandculturecanleadtoaconditioncalled“cultureshock/fatigue”。
Itisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture。
Peoplewhoexperiencecultureshockoftenfeelfatigued,impatientandirritable.Theymayalsobegintryingtoavoidinteractionwithforeigners,andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.ForeignersinChinasometimesexperiencecultureshock—andsodoChinesewhogotoliveinothercountries.
9、Highcontext背景重要的文化(中日)
Incollectivistcultures,peopletendtocommunicateinawaythatismoreindirectandsubtle,andlistenersareexpectedtotakemoreresponsibilityforinterpretingmessagescorrectly.Thiscommunicationstyleiscalled“highcontext”becausepeopleareexpectedtopaymuchattentiontothecontextinwhichcommunicationtakesplace-whothespeakeris,whereandwhytheconversationistakingplace,body
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- 浙江 工商大学 文化 交际 期末 复习资料
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