Understanding Nutrition, 15th Edition.pdf

Understanding Nutrition, 15th Edition.pdf

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Copyright2019CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart.WCN02-200-203Copyright2019CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart.Duetoelectronicrights,somethirdpartycontentmaybesuppressedfromtheeBookand/oreChapter（s）.Editorialreviewhasdeemedthatanysuppressedcontentdoesnotmateriallyaffecttheoveralllearningexperience.CengageLearningreservestherighttoremoveadditionalcontentatanytimeifsubsequentrightsrestrictionsrequireit.Copyright2019CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart.WCN02-200-203DietaryReferenceIntakes（DRI）TheDietaryReferenceIntakes（DRI）includetwosetsofnutrientintakegoalsforindividualstheRecommendedDietaryAllowance（RDA）andAdequateIntake（AI）.TheRDAreflectstheaveragedailyamountofanutrientconsideredadequatetomeettheneedsofmosthealthypeople.IfthereisinsufficientevidencetodetermineanRDA,anAIisset.Inaddition,theEstimatedEnergyRequirement（EER）repre-sentstheaveragedietaryenergyintakeconsideredadequatetomaintainenergybalanceinhealthypeople.TheDRIalsoincludetheTolerableUpperIntakeLevel（UL）thatrepresentstheestimatedmaximumdailyamountofanutrientthatappearssafeformosthealthypeopletocon-sumeonaregularbasis.TurnthepageforalistingoftheULforselectedvitaminsandminerals.NotethattheabsenceofaULforanutrientdoesnotindicatethatitissafetoconsumeinhighdoses,butonlythatresearchistoolimitedtosetaUL.Chapter1describestheseDRIvaluesindetail.EstimatedEnergyRequirements（EER）,RecommendedDietaryAllowances（RDA）,andAdequateIntakes（AI）forWater,Energy,andtheEnergyNutrientsAge（yr）ReferenceBMIReferenceHeightcm（in.）ReferenceWeightkg（lb）WateraAI（L/day）EnergyEERb（kcal/day）CarbohydrateRDA（g/day）TotalFiberAI（g/day）TotalFatAI（g/day）LinoleicAcidAI（g/day）LinolenicAcidcAI（g/day）ProteinRDA（g/day）dProteinRDA（g/kg/day）Males00.562（24）6（13）0.7e57060314.40.59.11.520.5171（28）9（20）0.8f74395304.60.5111.2013g86（34）12（27）1.310461301970.7131.0548g15.3115（45）20（44）1.7174213025100.9190.9591317.2144（57）36（79）2.4227913031121.2340.95141820.5174（68）61（134）3.3315213038161.6520.85193022.5177（70）70（154）3.73067h13038171.6560.80315022.5i177（70）i70（154）i3.73067h13038171.6560.805022.5i177（70）i70（154）i3.73067h13030141.6560.80Females00.562（24）6（13）0.7e52060314.40.59.11.520.5171（28）9（20）0.8f67695304.60.5111.2013g86（34）12（27）1.39921301970.7131.0548g15.3115（45）20（44）1.7164213025100.9190.9591317.4144（57）37（81）2.1207113026101.0340.95141820.4163（64）54（119）2.3236813026111.1460.85193021.5163（64）57（126）2.72403j13025121.1460.80315021.5i163（64）i57（126）i2.72403j13025121.1460.805021.5i163（64）i57（126）i2.72403j13021111.1460.80Pregnancy1sttrimester3.0+017528131.4460.802ndtrimester3.0+34017528131.4711.103rdtrimester3.0+45217528131.4711.10Lactation1st6months3.8+33021029131.3711.302nd6months3.8+40021029131.3711.30NOTE:

BMIiscalculatedastheweightinkilogramsdividedbythesquareoftheheightinmeters.Forallnutrients,valuesforinfantsareAI.Theglossaryontheinsertdefinesunitsofnutrientmeasure.Dashes（）indicatethatvalueshavenotbeendetermined.aThewaterAIincludesdrinkingwater,waterinbeverages,andwaterinfoods;ingeneral,drinkingwaterandotherbeveragescontributeabout70to80percent,andfoods,theremainder.Conversionfactors:

1L=33.8fluidoz;1L=1.06qt;1cup=8fluidoz.bTheEstimatedEnergyRequirement（EER）representstheaveragedietaryenergyintakethatwillmaintainenergybalanceinahealthypersonofagivengender,age,weight,height,andphysicalactivitylevel.Thevalueslistedarebasedonan“active”personatthereferenceheightandweightandatthemidpointagesforeachgroupuntilage19.Chapter8andAppendixFprovideequationsandtablestodetermineestimatedenergyrequirements.cThelinolenicacidreferredtointhistableandtextistheomega-3fattyacidknownasalpha-linolenicacid.dThevalueslistedarebasedonreferencebodyweights.eAssumedtobefromhumanmilk.fAssumedtobefromhumanmilkandcomplementaryfoodsandbeverages.Thisincludesapproximately0.6L（2cups）astotalfluidincludingformula,juices,anddrinkingwater.gForenergy,theagegroupsforyoungchildrenare12yearsand38years.hFormales,subtract10kcaloriesperdayforeachyearofageabove19.iBecauseweightneednotchangeasadultsageifactivityismaintained,referenceweightsforadults19through30yearsareappliedtoalladultagegroups.jForfemales,subtract7kcaloriesperdayforeachyearofageabove19.SOURCE:

AdaptedfromtheDietaryReferenceIntakesseries,NationalAcademiesPress.NationalAcademiesofSciences.ACopyright2019CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart.Duetoelectronicrights,somethirdpartycontentmaybesuppressedfromtheeBookand/oreChapter（s）.Editorialreviewhasdeemedthatanysuppressedcontentdoesnotmateriallyaffecttheoveralllearningexperience.CengageLearningreservestherighttoremoveadditionalcontentatanytimeifsubsequentrightsrestrictionsrequireit.Copyright2019CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart.WCN02-200-203RecommendedDietaryAllowances（RDA）andAdequateIntakes（AI）forMineralsAge（yr）SodiumAI（mg/day）ChlorideAI（mg/day）PotassiumAI（mg/day）CalciumRDA（mg/day）PhosphorusRDA（mg/day）MagnesiumRDA（mg/day）IronRDA（mg/day）ZincRDA（mg/day）IodineRDA（g/day）SeleniumRDA（g/day）CopperRDA（g/day）ManganeseAI（mg/day）FluorideAI（mg/day）ChromiumAI（g/day）MolybdenumRDA（g/day）Infants00.5120180400200100300.272110152000.0030.010.220.5137057070026027575113130202200.60.55.53Children13100015003000700460807390203401.20.7111748120019003800100050013010590304401.51.01522Males9131500230045001300125024088120407001.9225341418150023004700130012504101111150558902.23354319301500230047001000700400811150559002.34354531501500230047001000700420811150559002.34354551701300200047001000700420811150559002.343045.701200180047001200700420811150559002.343045Females9131500230045001300125024088120407001.622134141815002300470013001250360159150558901.63244319301500230047001000700310188150559001.83254531501500230047001000700320188150559001.8325455170130020004700120070032088150559001.832045.70120018004700120070032088150559001.832045Pregnancy181500230047001300125040027122206010002.0329501930150023004700100070035027112206010002.0330503150150023004700100070036027112206010002.033050Lactation181500230051001300125036010132907013002.634450193015002300510010007003109122907013002.634550315015002300510010007003209122907013002.634550NOTE:

Forallnutrients,valuesforinfantsareAI.Theglossaryontheinsidebackcoverdefinesunitsofnutrientmeasure.RecommendedDietaryAllowances（RDA）andAdequateIntakes（AI）forVitaminsAge（yr）ThiaminRDA（mg/day）RiboflavinRDA（mg/day）NiacinRDA（mg/day）aBiotinAI（g/day）PantothenicacidAI（mg/day）VitaminB6RDA（mg/day）FolateRDA（g/day）bVitaminB12RDA（g/day）CholineAI（mg/day）VitaminCRDA（mg/day）VitaminARDA（g/day）cVitaminDRDA（g/day）dVitaminERDA（mg/day）eVitaminKAI（g/day）Infants00.50.20.3251.70.1650.4125404001042.00.510.30.4461.80.3800.5150505001052.5Children130.50.56820.51500.92001530015630480.60.681230.62001.22502540015755Males9130.90.9122041.03001.83754560015116014181.21.3162551.34002.45507590015157519301.21.3163051.34002.455090900151512031501.21.3163051.34002.455090900151512051701.21.3163051.74002.4550909001515120701.21.3163051.74002.4550909002015120Females9130.90.9122041.03001.83754560015116014181.01.0142551.24002.44006570015157519301.11.1143051.34002.44257570015159031501.11.1143051.34002.44257570015159051701.11.1143051.54002.442575700151590.701.11.1143051.54002.442575700201590Pregnancy181.41.4183061.96002.64508075015157519301.41.4183061.96002.64508577015159031501.41.4183061.96002.645085770151590Lactation181.41.6173572.05002.8550115120015197519301.41.6173572.05002.8550120130015199031501.41.6173572.05002.85501201300151990NOTE:

Forallnutrients,valuesforinfantsareAI.Theglossaryontheinsidebackcoverdefinesunitsofnutrientmeasure.aNiacinrecommendationsareexpressedasniacinequivalents（NE）,exceptforrecommendationsforinfantsyoungerthan6months,whichareexpressedaspreformedniacin.bFolaterecommendationsareexpressedasdietaryfolateequivalents（DFE）.cVitaminArecommendationsareexpressedasretinolactivityequivalents（RAE）.dVitaminDrecommendationsareexpressedascholecalciferolandassumeminimalsunlight.eVitaminErecommendationsareexpressedas-tocopherol.BCopyright2019CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart.Duetoelectronicrights,somethirdpartycontentmaybesuppressedfromtheeBookand/oreChapter（s）.Editorialreviewhasdeemedthatanysuppressedcontentdoesnotmateriallyaffecttheoveralllearningexperience.CengageLearningreservestherighttoremoveadditionalcontentatanytimeifsubsequentrightsrestrictionsrequireit.Copyright2019CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart.WCN02-200-203TolerableUpperIntakeLevels（UL）forVitaminsAge（yr）Niacin（mg/day）aVitaminB6（mg/day）Folate（g/day）aCholine（mg/day）VitaminC（mg/day）VitaminA（g/day）bVitaminD（g/day）VitaminE（mg/day）cInfants00.5600250.5160038Children1310303001000400600632004815404001000650900753009132060600200012001700100600Adolescents14183080800300018002800100800Adults19703510010003500200030001001000.703510010003500200030001001000Pregnancy18308080030001800280010080019503510010003500200030001001000Lactation18308080030001800280010080019503510010003500200030001001000aTheULforniacinandfolateapplytosyntheticformsobtainedfromsupplements,fortifi