CIGRE 675 高压直流接地极设计导则.pdf
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CIGRE 675 高压直流接地极设计导则.pdf
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675GENERALGUIDELINESFORHVDCELECTRODEDESIGNWORKINGGROUPB4.61JANUARY2017MembersJ.Hu,ConvenorCAB.McLeod,SecretaryCAR.AhmedCAB.BisewskiCAM.DalzellNZF.ExlDEG.GeorgelROL.HidalgoCLJ.JardiniBRT.MaggZAM.MarzinottoITJ.McNicholCAP.NaidooZAS.NybergSEG.OlguinCLJ.D.RayoCLM.ReynoldsUSH.ThunehedSEK.ZhaCNObserversK.HubbardZAN.MolosiwaZAN.ParusZAJ.RasmussenSEWGB4.61Copyright2017“AllrightstothisTechnicalBrochureareretainedbyCIGRE.Itisstrictlyprohibitedtoreproduceorprovidethispublicationinanyformorbyanymeanstoanythirdparty.OnlyCIGRECollectiveMemberscompaniesareallowedtostoretheircopyontheirinternalintranetorothercompanynetworkprovidedaccessisrestrictedtotheirownemployees.NopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedorutilizedwithoutpermissionfromCIGRE”.Disclaimernotice“CIGREgivesnowarrantyorassuranceaboutthecontentsofthispublication,nordoesitacceptanyresponsibility,astotheaccuracyorexhaustivenessoftheinformation.Allimpliedwarrantiesandconditionsareexcludedtothemaximumextentpermittedbylaw”.GENERALGUIDELINESFORHVDCELECTRODEDESIGNISBN:
978-2-85873-378-1GENERALGUIDELINESFORHVDCELECTRODEDESIGN2ISBN:
978-2-85873-378-1GENERALGUIDELINESFORHVDCELECTRODEDESIGN3EXECUTIVESUMMARYHVDCelectrodeshavetraditionallybeeninstalledonHVDCtransmissionsystemstoprovidealowresistancecurrentreturnpathduringbothmonopolarandbipolaroperation,usingtheearthand/orseaastheconductivemedium.HVDCelectrodesareingenerallesscostlyandhavelowerlossesthandedicatedmetallicreturnconductors.Althoughenvironmentalconcernswerelessrigorouslyconsideredandappliedinthepast,anumberofelectrodeshavebeeninusemorethanfortyyearswithoutsafetyissuesandverylittleactualmeasurableenvironmentalimpact.Environmentalconcernsrelatedtoelectrodeoperationhavebecomemoreprominentinrecentyearsduetogreaterpublicawarenessofpotentialimpacts,tighterenvironmentalapprovalprocessesandincreasingnumbersofHVDCprojects.Whiletheenvironmentalapprovalprocesscanbechallenging,thelong-timesuccessfuloperationofolderelectrodesindicatesmanyofthepotentialenvironmentalimpactsfromelectrodescanbeminimizedoreliminatedeitherbysuitableselectionoftheelectrodesiteforimpactsremotefromtheelectrodeorbyapplicationofgooddesigntechniquesiftheimpactsareneartheelectrodeorontheelectrodesite.Assumingthatelectrodeuseisnotspecificallyprohibitedbytheregulatoryframework,obtainingenvironmentalapprovalrequirescarefulconsiderationofbothlocalandremoteaspectsofpotentialimpacts.Localaspectsatorneartheelectrodesitegenerallyinvolveelectricalsafetyorenvironmentalreleaseofchlorinegasormetalsfromtheelectrodesandthermal/heatingconsiderations.Remoteimpactsmayincludecorrosionorelectricalinterferencewithexistingornewinfrastructure(pipelines,railways,powerlines,transformersandtelecommunication)orimpactsonelectro-sensitivespecies.Definingthegeographicalextentofsuchremoteimpactsrequiresgoodknowledgeanddetailedmodellingoftheearthandwaterbodieswithinthezoneofinfluencetotheelectrode.TheavailabledocumentsonHVDCelectrodeanalysisanddesignareEPRIreportEL2020“HVDCGroundElectrodeDesign”(1981)1,KimbarkChapter9“GroundReturn”(1970)2,CIGREWG14.21TF1“SummaryofExistingGroundElectrodeDesigns“(1998)3,CIGREWG14.21TF2“GeneralGuidelinesfortheDesignofGroundElectrodesforHVDCLinks”(1998)4,andIECpre-standardPAS62344“GeneralGuidelinesfortheDesignofGroundElectrodesforHVDCLinks”(2007)5MuchoftheavailableliteratureonHVDCelectrodedesignuseregulargeometricalshapes,ruleofthumbsiteselectionmethodologies,generalizeddiscussionofimpactsofelectrodesoninfrastructure,andprovideslimitedinformationonexistingelectrodeinstallations.Topicssuchaselectricalgroundpotentialriseandsurfacegradientstudiestodefinestepvoltagesandtransferredpotentials,electrodeelementmaterialselection,instrumentationandauxiliariesrequiredforanelectrodestation,electrodetestingandcommissioning,andpondelectrodeanalysisanddesignarenotcoveredindetail.Withthedevelopmentofnewgeophysicalandgeologicalinvestigationtechniques,andmorepowerfulcomputersimulationtoolsforelectricalfieldstudiesandinfrastructuremodelling,potentiallymoreeconomicaldesignsofgroundelectrodescanbeachieved,andtheimpactsoftheelectrodeoperationonexistingorpotentialfutureinfrastructurecanbemoreaccuratelyquantified.CIGREWGB4.61wasinitiatedtohighlightupdatedtechniquesandtoformalizemethodologyandguidelinesfortheanalysis,designandconstructionandtestingofnewelectrodesandrefurbishmentorextensionofexistingelectrodes.ThepurposeofthisdocumentistoprovidethegeneralguidelinesforthedesignofgroundreturnelectrodestationsforHVDCtransmissionsystems.Thedocumentisorganisedineightchapterswhicharebrieflydescribedasfollows:
Chapter1describesHVDCconfigurationsthathaveelectrodesasthegroundreturnpath.Chapter2describesvarioustypesofelectrodes.HVDCelectrodescanbeofthreefundamentaltypesorcategories,i.e.land,shore(pondorbeach)andsea.Thischapterintroducesthedifferenttypesofelectrodesandtypicalconfigurations,theiradvantagesanddrawbacks,andsummarizeshighlevelconsiderationsfortheselectionoftypeofelectrodeandconfiguration.Chapter3focusesontheelectrodesiteselectionprocess.Thecurrentsiteselectionpracticeincludesgeophysical,geological,socialandenvironmentalconditioninvestigations.Physicalconstructabilityaspectsandgeneralrequirementssuchasavailabilityoffreshwater,rainfallanalysis,waveactionstudy,GENERALGUIDELINESFORHVDCELECTRODEDESIGN4accessibility,socialconsiderations,anddistancetopopulationcentresarealsorelevantaspectstositeselection.Chapter4describesthepotentialimpactofelectrodesoninfrastructureandtheenvironmentaswellasmitigationofadverseeffectscausedbyoperationoftheelectrodes.Chapter5coverselectrodedesignaspects.Electrodedesignincludesthefollowingaspectswhicharedescribedinthebodyofchapter:
designcriteria,interference,operatingduties,electrodelifecycle,reliability,temperaturerise,andchemicalemissions.Thedesigncriteriaincludesafetyrequirementforhumansandanimalsanddiscriminatebetweensteadystateandshort-timeoperatingconditions.Chapter6addressestheneutralline(orelectrodeline)betweentheconverterstationsandtheelectrodestations.Neutrallinescanbebuiltasoverheadlinesorusinginsulatedcablesforunderseaorundergroundlines.Bothelectrodelinetechnologiesaredescribed.Chapter7describesauxiliarysystemsforelectrodestationsincludingthestationservicesupplyandmonitoringofelectrodestations.Chapter8coversthetestingandcommissioningofelectrodes.GENERALGUIDELINESFORHVDCELECTRODEDESIGN5CONTENTSEXECUTIVESUMMARY.3CONTENTS.5TERMSANDDEFINITIONS.111.HVDCCONFIGURATIONSWITHGROUNDRETURNCURRENT.172.TYPESOFELECTRODESANDSELECTIONOFTYPEOFELECTRODE.192.1TYPESOFELECTRODES.192.2ELECTRODESHAPESANDCONFIGURATIONS.192.2.1LandElectrodes.192.2.2SeaElectrodes.242.2.3BeachElectrodes.262.2.4PondElectrodes.272.3SELECTIONOFELECTRODETYPE.293.ELECTRODESITESELECTIONCRITERIAANDPROCESS.313.1GENERALASPECTSOFSITESELECTION.313.1.1ProcessofFindingCandidateElectrodeLocations.313.1.2SiteExclusionProcess.313.2TECHNICAL,ECONOMICANDTIMEASPECTSOFSITESELECTION.333.2.1DurationofOperationinMonopolarMode.333.2.2RatedandOverloadcurrent.333.2.3ConverterStationLocations.333.2.4LineServitudesorRight-of-wayandLandAcquisition.343.2.5EnvironmentalandOtherPermits.343.2.6PossibleImpactonInfrastructure.343.2.7ConstructabilityandAccessibility.343.2.8PermittedPotentialsandPotentialgradients.343.3GEOPHYSICAL,GEOLOGICALANDHYDROLOGICALASPECTSOFSITESELECTION.343.3.1LandElectrodes.343.3.2SeaandShoreelectrodes.373.4PROCESSOFGEOPHYSICALANDGEOLOGICALINVESTIGATIONS.383.4.1GeoscientificDesktopStudyandDefinitionofCandidateAreas.383.4.2InitialResistivityModel.403.4.3InitialFieldInvestigations.423.4.4SiteSelection.423.4.5Permitting,LandAcquisition,LineServitudes.423.4.6DetailedFieldInvestigations.433.4.7DetailedResistivityModel.433.4.8PreliminaryDesignandElectrodeModelling.433.4.9BoreholeInvestigations.443.4.10TestElectrodes.454.IMPACTSOFELECTRODES.474.1INTRODUCTION.474.2IMPACTSONINFRASTRUCTURE.514.2.1ImpactsonBuriedMetallicObjects.514.3IMPACTSONTHEENVIRONMENT.544.3.1CompassDeflection.54GENERALGUIDELINESFORHVDCELECTRODEDESIGN64.3.2ChemicalAspects.544.4IMPACTSTUDIES.564.4.1DataforImpactStudies.564.4.2PhysicalVariablestoStudy.575.ELECTRODEDESIGNASPECTS.595.1GENERALDESIGNCONSIDERATIONS.595.1.1SafetyRequirementsforHumansandAnimals.595.1.2SafetyMetricsandCriteria.615.1.3Physicaldesigncriteriaandconstraints.675.1.4PotentialImpactsonEnvironmentandInfrastructure.695.1.5Constructability.695.1.6DataRequiredfordesign.705.2DESIGNMETHODOLOGY.705.2.1SimpleCalculations.715.2.2Simulations.715.2.3VerificationofDesign.745.3LANDELECTRODES.745.3.1DesignConsiderations.745.3.2OperationandMaintenanceConsiderations.855.3.3LandElectrodeDesignExample.865.4SEAELECTRODES.905.4.1DesignConsiderations.905.4.2OperationandMaintenanceConsiderations.915.4.3EnvironmentalImpact.925.4.4ChemicalAspects.935.4.5StructureandFeatures.965.4.6Electrodeactiveelementmaterials.975.4.7SeaElectrodeDesigns.985.4.8SeaEl
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