胡壮麟语言学总复习课件.ppt

胡壮麟语言学总复习课件.ppt

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胡壮麟语言学总复习,Contents,Chapter1LanguageandLinguisticsChapter2SpeechSounds:

phoneticsandPhonologyChapter3WordsandMorphologyChapter4Sentences:

SyntaxChapter5Meaning:

SemanticsChapter6Meaninginuse:

PragmaticsChapter7Language,CultureandThoughtChapter8LanguageAcquisitionandLearningChapter9Schoolsoflinguistics,2,Chapter1LanguageandLinguistics,1.1LanguageandHuman1.2Designfeaturesoflanguage1.3FunctionsofLanguage1.4Linguisticsanditsbranches1.5BasicConceptsinlinguistics,3,1.1Definitionoflanguage,IntheTextbookLanguageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinstrumentalinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.Itissocialandconventionalinthatlanguageisasocialsemioticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcures,motivation,andsocial-culturalrolesLanguage:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.,4,1.2Designfeaturesoflanguage,Designfeatures:

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Arbitrariness/Productivity/Duality/Displacement/Culturaltransmission,5,Arbitrariness,Arbitrarinessreferstothepropertyoflanguagewhichrevealsthatthereisnodirectnaturallinkbetweenthelinguisticformanditsmeaning.However,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordswhicharecreatedintheimitationofsounds.Butthenon-arbitrarywordsarequitelimitedinnumber.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.,6,Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?

Why?

Languageisarbitraryinnature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary,becausetherearealimitednumberofwordswhoseconnectionsbetweenformsandmeaningscanbelogicallyexplainedtoacertainextent,forexample,theonomatopoeia,wordswhicharecoinedonthebasisofimitationofsoundsbysoundssuchasbang,crash,etc.Takecompoundsforanotherexample.Thetwoelements“photo”and“copy”in“photocopy”arenon-motivated,butthecompoundisnotarbitrary.,7,Productivity,Productivityreferstothepropertyoflanguagewhichenableslanguagetogeneratenewutterancesbyitsusers.Thepropertyoflanguageenablesustoexpressourunlimitedandnewideas.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberofdifferentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.,8,Duality,Dualityisthenatureoflanguagewhichshowsthatlanguageisasystemandconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless,discrete,individualsounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbecombinedaccordingtorulesintounitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,which,atthehigherlevel,canbearrangedintosentences.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartopossessingit.,9,Displacement,Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakerAnimalcallsaremainlyutteredinresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.,10,Culturaltransmission,Culturaltransmissionisthepropertyoflanguagewhichrequiresushumantolearnalanguage.Humanbeingswerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage.Thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmittedorpasseddownbyinstinct.Theyhavetobetaughtandlearned,butanimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.,11,Discreteness,Discretenessisthepropertyoflanguagewhichenablesthespeakersofalanguagetoidentifythesoundelementsinitswords.Eachsoundisdiscreteanddistinctandthuscanbecombinedtogethertomakedifferentforms.Itisthestructuralfeatureoflanguagethatwordsaremadeupofelementalsounds,12,1.3Functionsoflanguage,Malinowski:

pragmaticfunction;magicalfunction;phaticfunctionJakobson:

referential,poetic,emotive,conative,phatic,metaligualfunctionHalliday:

metafunctions:

ideationalfunction;interpersonalfunction;textualfunction,13,1.4Linguisticsanditsbranches,BasicbranchesoflinguisticsPhonetics:

speechsoundsPhonology:

rulesinspeechsoundsMorphology:

wordsandtheirformationSyntax:

rulesofsentencesSemantics:

meaning,Grammar,Phonology,Morphology,Syntax,Semantics,14,Otherbranchesoflinguistics,PragmaticsAnthropologicallinguisticsPsycholinguisticsSociolinguisticsNeurolinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsComputationallinguistics,15,1.5SomeconceptsinLinguistics,DescriptivevsprescriptiveSynchronicvsdiachronicSpeechandwritingLangueandparoleCompetenceandperformance,16,1）PrescriptiveandDescriptive,Prescriptivismprescribesrulesofwhatiscorrect.ItcreatesrulesofgrammarDescriptivismdescribethewaypeopleactuallyspeakandwritetheirlanguage,nottoprescribehowtheyoughttospeakorwrite.,17,Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedonhigh（religious,literary）writtenlanguage.Itsetsgrammaticalrulesandimposestherulesonlanguageusers.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;Itcollectsauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedataandthenitstudiesanddescribesthedatainanobjectiveandscientificway.,18,2）SynchronicandDiachronic,ThediachronicstudyreferstothedescriptionofthehistoricaldevelopmentofalanguageThesynchronicstudyreferstothedescriptionofaparticularstateofalanguageatasinglepointoftime.Synchronicdescriptionhaspriorityoverdiachronicdescription.,19,Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?

ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisthestudyofthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.,20,3）LangueandParole,21,Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamousSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.,22,4）Competenceandperformance,ChomskyCompetencereferstotheknowledgethatnativespeakershaveoftheirlanguageassystemofabstractformalrelationsPerformancereferstowhatwedowhenwespeakorlisten.Theinfinitevariedindividualactsofverbalbehaviorwiththeirirregularities,inconsistenciesanderrors.,23,Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeakersknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc.Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.,24,SaussuresdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomskysdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?

AlthoughSaussuresdistinctionandChomskysareverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamaterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviesandtohim,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.,25,Speechandwriting,Speechandwritingaretwosystemsoflanguage.Speechhaspriorityoverwriting.,26,Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?

First,thespokenformispriortothewrittenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.Second,thespokenformplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyedanditservesawiderrangeofpurposesFinally,thespokenformisthemediumthroughwhichweacquireourmothertongue.,27,Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting?

1）Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.2）Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.3）Speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlateratschool.,28,ChapterTwo:

Speechsounds:

phoneticsandphonology,2.1Phonetics2.2Phonology,