Zoltan A. Nagy (Auth.)-A History of Modern Immunology. The Path Toward Understanding-Academic Press.pdf
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Zoltan A. Nagy (Auth.)-A History of Modern Immunology. The Path Toward Understanding-Academic Press.pdf
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AHistoryofModernImmunologyThePathTowardUnderstandingZoltanA.NagyAMSTERDAMBOSTONHEIDELBERGLONDONNEWYORKOXFORDPARISSANDIEGOSANFRANCISCOSINGAPORESYDNEYTOKYOAcademicPressisanImprintofElsevierAcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier32JamestownRoad,LondonNW17BY,UK225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USACopyright2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisherPermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElseviersScience&TechnologyRightsDepartmentinOxford,UK:
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978-0-12-416974-6TypesetbyTNQBooksandJournalsPrintedandboundinUnitedStatesofAmerica141516171810987654321ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublicationsvisitourwebsiteatDedicationInmemoryofmyfriendsRodneyLangmanandGyrgyFehrxiiiIntroductoryWordsAboutScience,Scientists,andImmunologyBeforewesetouttofollowthroughtheeventsofaveryexcitingerainthehistoryofimmunology,IfeelIowethereaderatleastanattempttodefinewhatscience,andmorespecifically,immunologyisallabout.Thereareseveraldifferentwaystodefinescience,butifwewanttograspitsessence,thefollowingsimplestatementisadequate:
Scienceisanintellectuallydriven,oftenexperimentalactivity,whosegoalistogaininsightintotheworksoftheuniverse.Henceideallyascientistisaperson,whoisblessed(ordamned)witharest-lessmind,andanoverdoseofcuriosity,whichpropertiesliterallyforcehim/hertokeepaskingallthoseWhat?
Why?
andHow?
questionsthatdown-to-earthpeopleonlyaskintheirchildhood.Notthatscientistswouldbemoreinfantilethanothers,buttheirextremelycriticalmindmakesthemrejectallanswersthattheyhavebeengivenbyothers.Itisthusnotsurprisingthatthegreatestrewardforscientistsisthemoment,whentheirhardworkandgoodfortunepermitthemaglimpseintoanewfacetofreality,beitevenatinylittleonethathasnotbeenseenbyanyoneelsebefore.Suchraremomentssetthemintoastateofeuphoriathatcannotbeachievedbyanyotherway,forexample,byatenurepositionatafamousuniversityorevenbyaNobelPrize(althoughthesemayalsobegoodtohave).Unfortunately,thislittlesketchIhavejustdrawnofscienceanditsplayersdeviatesgrosslyfromthepicturethatthemassmediaprefertoconveytothepublic.Accordingtomediarepresentation,scienceisaverylogicalandverydry(i.e.,boring)undertakingwiththefinalgoalofdonatingasignificantbenefittomankind.Theproblemwiththisperceptionisthatitconfoundssciencewithitspotentialutility.Undoubtedly,usefulnessisanimportantaspect,andnobodyismoreawareofitthanscientiststhemselves,particularlywhentheytrytoapplyforaresearchgrant.Nevertheless,thedriverandthefinalgoalofscienceisunderstandingandnotutility.Forexample,physicists,whentheystartedtostudynuclearfissionhopedforanewinsightintothestructureofmatter,andcertainlydidnotintendtobuildnuclearpowerstations,letaloneatomicbombs.Thesadfact,however,thatfinallytheyweretheonestopointoutthatnuclearfissioncanbeusedforabomb,andindeedtheyparticipatedintheconstructionofthebombcastadarkandlong-lastingshadowoverthepublicimageofscience.Thisexam-plealsorevealsthat,althoughutilityisaside-effectratherthanthegoalofscience,itcansometimeschangethelifeofmankindsignificantly,andinanoftenunforeseeabledirection.ThisiswhyscienceisusuallyconsideredtobexivIntroductoryWordsAboutScience,Scientists,andImmunologydangerousbythepublic.However,thestatementthatscienceitselfisapurelymentalpursuitremainsvalid,dangerarisingonlyfromitsuncontrolledapplica-tions.Theimportantthingtokeepinmindisthatallqualitieshumanbeingscanenjoynowadays,beyondtheonesgivenbynature,haveresultedfromeitherscienceorarts(andnotfrommoney,asmostwouldthinkatthedawnofthethirdmillennium).Ofcourse,themedia,inordertoavoidinconsistencywiththepicturetheypaintedofscience,alsotrytheirbestincreatingafalseimageofscientists.Accordingly,scientistswhoareselectedtoappearinpublicmustlookverysternandserious(althoughtheycanstillbesomewhathandsome),theymustemanateunusualmentalpower,andtheirbehaviormustresemblethatofahighpriestinancientEgypt.Admittedly,somecolleaguesliketousethisimageasarespect-abledisguise,butmostscientistsarenotlikethis.Indeed,theyarejustlikeotherpeople:
theycanbeaggressiveortimid,egomaniacorhumble,dictatoristicorself-enslaving,careeristicormodest,politicalornave,business-likeorpuristic,conformisticoranarchistic,opportunisticorrevolutionary,buttheyallhaveonethingincommon:
theirinabilitytostopaskingquestionsandseekinganswers.Letusturnnowtoimmunologythat,basedontheforegoingdiscussion,iseasilydefinedastheparticularbranchoflifesciences,whoseaimistounder-standhowtheimmunesystemfunctions.Thisdefinitionhasalwaysbeenvalid,evenattimeswhentheimmunesystemexistedsolelyasanassumption,andimmunologyappearedtobeequaltovaccination,orantibodies,orserologicalreactions,anditwillremainvaliduntilthelastpieceofstoneisplacedintothewalloftheknowledgetoweroftheimmunesystem.Asthetitleofthisbookindicates,Ishallattempttosummarizeherethemajoreventsintheconstructionoftheimmunologytowerduringaperiodroughlycorrespondingtothelastthirdofthetwentiethcentury.Therewereseveralreasonsforchoosingthisperiod.First,thiserafollowedimmediatelytheso-calledimmunologicalrevolution,andwasthusthetimewhenmostquestionsaboutthebiologyoftheimmunesystemwereraisedandalsofoundtheiranswers.Second,becauseIhadtheprivilegetobeanimmunologistinthisperiod,Isharedalltheexcitementassociatedwithit,andcanthusconveyitseventstothereaderonthebasisofpersonalexperience.Finally,thetimethathaselapsedsincethenprovidesonewiththewisdomofhindsight,aswellassufficientdistancetocooldownandlookbackwithsharper,morecriticaleyes.Althoughthebookwasoriginallyplannedtosummarizethehistoryofimmunologyfromabout1970onward,Irealizedthatthestorywouldremainhangingmid-airwithoutatleastashortrsumofthepreceding1015years,whenmostknowledgewasgeneratedonwhichmodernimmunologyhasbeenbased.Furthermore,thelanguagespokenbyimmunologistsalsooriginatedfromthistime.Therefore,thehighlightsofthisfruitfuleraareincluded,forthesakeofnon-immunologists,asapre-history.Thesciencethengeneratedcannowbefoundineveryimmunologytextbook,andthedetailedhistoryofthiseraiswellcoveredinArthurSilversteinsbook.1xvIntroductoryWordsAboutScience,Scientists,andImmunologyToreturntothemetaphorusedabove,Ishouldpointoutthattheimmunol-ogytowerhasnotbeenbuiltofuniformbricks,butratherofindividuallycarvedstonesofdifferentshapesandsizes,similarlytotheIncabuildingsinMatshu-pitshuandSachsahuayman.ButunliketheIncabuildings,theconstructionoftheimmunologytowerhasnotbeenledbyachiefarchitect,andthuseverysinglestonereflectstheideaofitsmasonaboutthebestfit.Consequently,many(orperhapsmost)ofthestoneswouldnotfit.Nevertheless,ideasanddatathathave,inretrospect,turnedouttobemisfitswillalsobeincludedhere,becausenothingillustratesbetterthedevelopmentofacognitiveprocessthantheerrorsmadeontheway.Nottomentionthattheomissionoferrorsandinclusionofonlythehighlightswouldhavereducedthebooktoanexecutivesummary.Nonetheless,thisbookisnotmeanttobeacompletehistoricalaccountofallimmunologicalresearchconductedduringthelastthirdofthetwentiethcentury.Tokeepabetterfocus,Iwillonlycovertopicsthatappearedmostcentralforourunderstanding,correspondinglargelytowhatwasconsideredmainstreamimmunologyatthattime.Another,perhapsunusualfeatureofthisbookisthatitwillnotonlydealwithscience,butalsowiththepersonalitiesofscientists.Ihavealwaysfounditagreatinjusticetorememberonlythenamesofscientistsinconjunctionwiththeircontributions,andnottheirpersonality,althoughthelatterwasoftenmoreinterestingthantheformer.Thisappliesallthemoretoimmunologythathasaboundedininteresting,colorfulpersonalities.Inanattempttocorrectthisinjusticeatleasttosomeextent,Iincludedshortcommentsoranecdotesaboutmanyoftheparticipantsoftheimmunologygame.Moreoftenthannot,thesecommentsjustrepresentsnapshotsthathave,forinexplicablereasons,remainedstuckinmymemory.Atthisplace,Iapologizetothosecolleagues,whomaynotagreewiththeirsnapshots.Myonlyexcuseismygoodintentiontopreserveatleastafragmentaryima
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