Acoustic Absorbers and Diffusers, Third Edition Theory, Design and Application.pdf
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Acoustic Absorbers and Diffusers, Third Edition Theory, Design and Application.pdf
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AcousticAbsorbersandDiffusersTheory,DesignandApplicationThirdEditionTrevorJ.CoxandPeterDAntonioAcousticAbsorbersandDiffusersTheory,DesignandApplicationThirdEditionCoxDAntonio6000BrokenSoundParkway,NWSuite300,BocaRaton,FL33487711ThirdAvenueNewYork,NY100172ParkSquare,MiltonParkAbingdon,OxonOX144RN,UKK26718www.crcpress.comISBN:
978-1-4987-4099-9978149874099990000“Thisbookisavibrantupdateofpreviouseditionswhichincorporatesthelatest21stcenturythinkingonabsorbersanddiffusersandassuchitshouldbeineveryacousticianspossession.”RafOrlowski,RambollEnviron,UK“Avaluabletreatiseinfillingagreatneedtoprovidetheessentialbasisforanyonewhoisormaybeinvolvedinarchitecturalacousticsresearch,study,educationanddesignpractice.”NingXiang,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute,USAThisdefinitiveguidecoversthedesignandapplicationofabsorbersanddiffusersinacous-tics.Surfacediffusionisarelativelyyoungsubjectarea,anddiffuserdesign,applicationandcharacterisationareoftennotwellunderstood.Althoughthereisgreaterknowledgeofab-sorption,itisalsoinformedbynewresearch.Astwoofthemaindesigntoolsforalteringtheacousticconditionsofrooms,thecorrectuseofabsorbersanddiffusersisimportanttothecreationofqualityacoustics.Thistextdetailstheevolutionandthecurrentstateoftheartindiffuserandabsorberresearchandapplication.Itcoversarangeofpracticalandtheoreticalaspects,withextensiveexamplesofinstallationsandcasestudiestocatertopractitionersworkinginthemeasurement,modellinganddesignofrooms,semi-enclosedspacesaswellasinnoisecontrol.Itisalsoinvaluableforstudentsandresearcherswhowantagroundinginacoustictreatment,aswellasanunderstandingofthelatestdevelopments.Allchaptershavebeenrevisedandbroughtuptodateinthisnewedition,withnewapplica-tions,absorbersanddiffusersfeatured.Sustainability,portablevocalbooths,andfasttimedomainmodelsfordiffusersarejustafewofthenewsections.Improvedtechniquesformeasurementandpredictionareincluded,aswellasbringingoldmethodsup-to-datewiththelatestrefinementsfromstandardsandresearch.MostofthepredictionmethodsinthebookarenowlinkedtoopensourceimplementationsanddownloadableMATLABscripts,enablingreaderstoexploittheknowledgeinthisbookmorereadilyindesignandresearch.TrevorCoxisProfessorofAcousticEngineeringattheUniversityofSalford,andapastpres-identoftheUKsInstituteofAcoustics(IOA).HewasawardedtheIOAsTyndallMedalin2004.PeterDAntonioisChairmanofRPGDiffusorSystems,Inc,andhasalsoworkedattheNa-valResearchLabinWashingtonandasamusicianandrecordingengineer.HehasservedasChairmanoftheWorkingGroupfortheCharacterizationofAcousticalMaterialsoftheAESSubcommitteeonAcoustics.ENGINEERINGMECHANICALAcousticAbsorbersandDiffusersTheory,DesignandApplicationAcousticAbsorbersandDiffusersTheory,DesignandApplicationThirdEditionAcousticAbsorbersandDiffusersTheory,DesignandApplicationThirdEditionTrevorJ.CoxUniversityofSalford,UKPeterDAntonioRPGDiffusorSystems,USABocaRatonLondonNewYorkCRCPressisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusinessMATLABisatrademarkofTheMathWorks,Inc.andisusedwithpermission.TheMathWorksdoesnotwarranttheaccuracyofthetextorexercisesinthisbook.ThisbooksuseordiscussionofMATLABsoftwareorrelatedproductsdoesnotconstituteendorsementorsponsorshipbyTheMathWorksofaparticularpedagogicalapproachorparticularuseoftheMATLABsoftware.CRCPressTaylor&FrancisGroup6000BrokenSoundParkwayNW,Suite300BocaRaton,FL33487-27422017byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLCCRCPressisanimprintofTaylor&FrancisGroup,anInformabusinessNoclaimtooriginalU.S.GovernmentworksPrintedonacid-freepaperVersionDate:
20160706InternationalStandardBookNumber-13:
978-1-4987-4099-9(Hardback)Thisbookcontainsinformationobtainedfromauthenticandhighlyregardedsources.Reasonableeffortshavebeenmadetopublishreliabledataandinformation,buttheauthorandpublishercannotassumeresponsibilityforthevalid-ityofallmaterialsortheconsequencesoftheiruse.Theauthorsandpublishershaveattemptedtotracethecopyrightholdersofallmaterialreproducedinthispublicationandapologizetocopyrightholdersifpermissiontopublishinthisformhasnotbeenobtained.Ifanycopyrightmaterialhasnotbeenacknowledgedpleasewriteandletusknowsowemayrectifyinanyfuturereprint.ExceptaspermittedunderU.S.CopyrightLaw,nopartofthisbookmaybereprinted,reproduced,transmitted,oruti-lizedinanyformbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopy-ing,microfilming,andrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublishers.Forpermissiontophotocopyorusematerialelectronicallyfromthiswork,pleaseaccess(http:
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Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe.LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataNames:
Cox,TrevorJ.|DAntonio,Peter.Title:
Acousticabsorbersanddiffusers/TrevorCoxandPeterDAntonio.Description:
Thirdedition.|BocaRaton:
Taylor&Francis,2017.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.Identifiers:
LCCN2016027694|ISBN9781498740999Subjects:
LCSH:
Acousticalengineering.|Absorptionofsound.|Diffusers.|Noisebarriers.|Architecturalacoustics.Classification:
LCCTA365.C692017|DDC620.2-dc23LCrecordavailableathttps:
/lccn.loc.gov/2016027694VisittheTaylor&FrancisWebsiteathttp:
/andtheCRCPressWebsiteathttp:
/ToourfamiliesandManfredSchroeder.viiContentsListoffiguresxvListofsymbolsxxxixListofacronymsxliiiPrefacetothefirsteditionxlvPrefacetothesecondeditionxlixPrefacetothethirdeditionliAcknowledgementsliiiAuthorslv1Introduction11.1Absorptionversusdiffusereflections41.2Sustainableabsorbersanddiffusers5References102Absorbers:
applicationsandbasicprinciples112.1Typesofabsorber112.2Reverberationcontrol122.2.1Astatisticalmodelofreverberation172.3Noisecontrolinfactoriesandlargeroomswithdiffusefields202.4Modalcontrolincriticallisteningspaces222.5Echocontrolinauditoriaandlecturetheatresbasicsoundpropagationmodels232.5.1Soundpropagationawaveapproach242.5.2Surfaceimpedance,admittance,reflectioncoefficient,andabsorptioncoefficient252.6Absorptioninsoundinsulationtransfermatrixmodelling292.6.1Transfermatrixmodelling292.7Pipes,ducts,andsilencersporousabsorbercharacteristics312.7.1Characterizingporousabsorbers322.8Enclosures,barriers,androads332.9Naturalnoisecontrol342.10Hearingprotectiondevices352.11Loudspeakercabinets362.12Automotiveabsorbentsandvehiclerefinement36viiiContents2.13Portablevocalbooths372.14Summary39References403Diffusers:
applicationsandbasicprinciples413.1Echocontrolinauditoria413.1.1Exampleapplications413.1.2Aesthetics443.1.3Wavefrontsanddiffusereflections443.1.4Someterminology493.2Reducingcolorationinsmallreproductionrooms503.2.1Reflectionfreezone513.2.2Surroundsound573.2.3Ambechoic583.3Reducingcolorationinsmallliverooms593.4Promotingdiffusefieldsinreverberationchambers643.5Improvingspeechintelligibility663.6Promotingspaciousnessinauditoria663.7Reducingtheeffectsofearlyarrivingreflectionsinlargespaces673.8Stageenclosures683.8.1Overheadcanopies693.8.2Rearandsideofstageenclosures723.8.3Orchestrapits773.8.4Outdoorstageshells773.9Blurringthefocusingfromconcavesurfaces783.10Inaudienceareas793.10.1Coverage793.10.2Diffusefields813.11Diffusingandabsorbinglighting843.12Barriersandstreets863.13Conclusions86References874Measurementofabsorberproperties914.1Impedancetubemeasurementforabsorptioncoefficientandsurfaceimpedance914.1.1Transferfunctionmethod944.1.2Leastmeansquaremethod974.1.3Transmissionmeasurements974.2Two-microphonefreefieldmeasurement1004.2.1Multimicrophonetechniquesfornonisotropic,nonplanarsurfaces1014.2.2Multimicrophonefreefieldmeasurementforperiodicsurfaces1024.3Reverberationchambermethod1034.3.1Measurementofseatingabsorption1084.4Insitumeasurementofabsorptiveproperties110Contentsix4.5Measurementofinternalpropertiesofporousabsorbents1144.5.1Measurementofflowresistivity1154.5.2Measurementofflowimpedance1184.5.3Measurementofwavenumberandcharacteristicimpedance1194.5.4Measurementofporosity1214.5.5Measurementoftortuosity1234.5.6Measurementofcharacteristiclengths1254.5.7Inversemethodsformultiplematerialparameters1264.6Summary126References1275Measurementofreflections:
scatteringanddiffusion1315.1Diffusioncoefficientsvsscatteringcoefficients1315.2Thediffusioncoefficient1345.2.1Measuringpolarresponses1355.2.1.1Nearandfarfields1455.2.1.2Sampleconsiderations1495.2.2Calculatingthediffusioncoefficient1505.2.3Obtainingpolarresponses1535.2.4Discussion1535.2.5Diffusioncoefficienttable1535.3Thescatteringcoefficient1545.3.1Principle1555.3.2Rationaleandprocedure1565.3.3Sampleconsiderations1585.3.4Insitumeasurement1595.3.5Predictingthescatteringcoefficient1605.3.6Thecorrelationscatteringcoef
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