Comprehensive_Assessment_of_Soil_Health_-_….pdf

Comprehensive_Assessment_of_Soil_Health_-_….pdf

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ComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealthTheCornellFrameworkManualB.N.Moebius-Clune,D.J.Moebius-Clune,B.K.Gugino,O.J.Idowu,R.R.Schindelbeck,A.J.Ristow,H.M.vanEs,J.E.Thies,H.A.Shayler,M.B.McBride,D.W.Wolfe,andG.S.AbawiThirdEditioniiComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealth-TheCornellFrameworkManualSchoolofIntegrativePlantScience（SIPS）SoilandCropSciencesSection232EmersonHallIthaca,NewYork14853http:

/www.scs.cals.cornell.edu2016byCornellUniversityAllrightsreserved.PublishedSeptember,2016.ItisthepolicyofCornellUniversityactivelytosupportequalityofeducationalandemploymentopportunities.Nopersonshallbedeniedemploymentonthebasisofanylegallyprohibiteddiscriminationinvolving,butnotlimitedto,suchfactorsasrace,color,creed,religion,nationalorethicorigin,sex,sexualorientation,age,orhandicap.TheUniversityiscommittedtothemaintenanceofaffirmative-actionprogramsthatwillassurethecontinuationofsuchequalityofopportunity.ISBN0-967-6507-6-3HowtoOrderaCopyHardcopy（forpurchase）:

Contact:

JennThomas-MurphyExtensionSupportSpecialistSoilandCropSciencesSection237EmersonHall,Ithaca,NY14853USAPhone:

607255-2177Email:

jnt3cornell.eduElectroniccopy（download）:

PDFfile（s）areavailabletodownloadatbit.ly/SoilHealthTrainingManualCoverphoto:

TroyBishoppBookdesignandlayout:

BiancaMoebius-CluneandAaronRistowUnlessotherwisenoted,thephotosweretakenbyauthors,soilhealthteammembersandcollaborators.ComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealth-TheCornellFrameworkManualiiiFundingforthepreparationofthismanualwasprovidedby:

CornellUniversity,CornellCooperativeExtension,USDA-NRCS,NorthernNewYorkAgriculturalDevelopmentProgram,USDANortheastRegionSARE,NYFarmViabilityInstitute,NewHampshireCharitableFoundation,NHDepartmentofAgriculture,Food,andMarkets.FundingivComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealth-TheCornellFrameworkManualAcknowledgementsThisisthe3rdeditionofthemanualpreviouslytitled“CornellSoilHealthAssessmentTrainingManual”.The3rdEditionPublicationTeam:

BiancaN.Moebius-Clune,formerlySoilandCropSciences,CornellUniversity,IthacaNY;nowSoilHealthDivision,USDANaturalResourcesConservationServiceDanielJ.Moebius-Clune,formerlySoilandCropSciences,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NYRobertR.Schindelbeck,SoilandCropSciences,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NYHaroldM.vanEs,SoilandCropSciences,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NYAaronJ.Ristow,SoilandCropSciences,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NYThanks:

WewouldliketothanktheCornellSoilHealthTeammembersandcollaborators,includinggrowers,extensioneducators,faculty,staff,non-profit,andgovernmentalorganizations,fortheirmanycontributionstotheresearchandoutreachactivitiesconductedovertheyearssince2003.Theircontributionsprovidedthefoundationonwhichthismanualisbased.WeacknowledgethecontributionsofAubreyFineforherworkonthe2016nationalscoringfunctionupdatesandthepreliminarydevelopmentofregionalscoringfunctionsforphysicalandbiologicalindicators.WewouldliketothankGordonHollowayforhissignificantinputonbookdesignandlayout.ManythankstoKirstenKurtzandJennThomas-MurphyfordesigningtheComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealthlogoandothervaluablecontributionstothismanual.Wewouldliketoespeciallyacknowledgethesignificantcontributionsof:

CarolMacNeil,CornellCooperativeExtension（CCE）;MikeRutzke,KirstenKurtz,CornellNutrientAnalysisLaboratory;CornellSoilHealthLaboratory,DornCox,Greenstart,NH;andBrandonSmith,NHNRCSPastcontributors:

JohnLudwig,ResearchAssistant;KateDuhamel,ResearchAssistant;MollyShaw,CCE;TedBlomgren,FormerlyofCCE;DaleMoyer,FormerlyofCCE;ExcerptsfromBuildingSoilsforBetterCrops,3rdEdition,byMadgdoffandvanEswereadaptedthroughoutthemanual.ForadditionalinformationrelatedtothisprojectandtherevisionhistoryforthismanualpleasevisittheCornellSoilHealthTeamswebsiteat:

http:

/soilhealth.cals.cornell.eduCorrectcitation:

Moebius-Clune,B.N.,D.J.Moebius-Clune,B.K.Gugino,O.J.Idowu,R.R.Schindelbeck,A.J.Ristow,H.M.vanEs,J.E.Thies,H.A.Shayler,M.B.McBride,D.W.Wolfe,andG.S.Abawi,2016.ComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealthTheCornellFrameworkManual,Edition3.1,CornellUniversity,Geneva,NY.ComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealth-TheCornellFrameworkManualvTMComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealthTrainingManualEdition3.1,2016viComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealth-TheCornellFrameworkManualComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealth-TheCornellFrameworkManualviiTableofContentsAcknowledgements.ivIntroduction.viiiPartISoilHealthConcepts.1Whatissoil?

.2Lifeinthesoil.5WhatisSoilHealth?

.12Characteristicsofahealthysoil.13Commonsoilconstraints.15PartIISoilHealthAssessment.19In-fieldsoilhealthassessment.20DevelopmentofCornellsComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealth.22AssessmentofSoilHealthoverview.25Soilsamplingprotocol.27Materialsneededforonesample.27Fieldsamplingdesign.27Stepsforsoilsampling.28Soilsamplestoragerequirements.29Soilsamplepackagingandshipping.29Submissionformexample.30Regulatedsoils.31SoilHealthscoringfunctions.32Regionalupdates.32Cumulativenormaldistribution.33CASHsummaryreportpageexample.35Scoringtypes.36SoilHealthIndicatorProtocolsandScoring.37SoilTexture.37AvailableWaterCapacity.39SurfaceandSubsurfaceHardness.41WetAggregateStability.44OrganicMatter.47SoilProteinIndex.49SoilRespiration.51ActiveCarbon.53StandardNutrientAnalysis.55SoilHealthIndicatorProtocolsandScoringcont.Add-onTest:

PotentiallyMineralizableN.59Add-onTest:

RootPathogenPressure.61Add-onTest:

HeavyMetalContamination.64Add-onTest:

SalinityandSodicity.69SoilHealthAssessmentReport.72SixpartsoftheCASHsummaryreport.73UsingtheAssessmentofSoilHealthinfo.74UsingtheAssessmentofSoilHealthinSoilHealthManagementPlanning.75PartIIISoilHealthManagement.79SoilHealthManagementPlanningFramework.80SixStepsoftheSoilHealthManagementPlanningProcess.82SoilHealthManagementOptionsandOpportunities.87TheSoilHealthManagementToolbox.87Generalmanagementconsiderations.88Tillageconsiderations.88Croprotationconsiderations.90Covercroppingconsiderations.92Organicamendmentconsiderations.96Considerationsforadaptingtoandmitigatingclimatechange.98PartIVAdditionalResources.103SelectedBookandJournalResources.104SelectedWebResources.107AppendixA.Sample2016StandardPackageComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealthReport.110AppendixB.SoilHealthManagementPlanningProcessWorksheet.121viiiComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealth-TheCornellFrameworkManualIntroductionSoilhealth,orthecapacityofthesoiltofunction,iscriticaltohumansurvival.Soilhealthconstraintsbeyondnutrientlimitationsandexcessescurrentlylimitagroecosystemproductivityandsustain-ability,resiliencetodroughtandextremerainfall,andprogressinsoilandwaterconservation.Withmountingpressuretoproducefood,feed,fiber,andevenfuelforanincreasingpopulation,soilhealthisgainingnationalandinternationalattention.Researchonbothassessmentandmanagementofsoilhealth,aswellasfarmersinnovationsinsoilhealthmanagementapproacheshavematuredoverthedecades.Multipleregional,national,andglobaleffortsarenowleveragingthatworktoreachnewstakeholderaudiences,sothatsoilhealthmanagementisexpandingintomainstreamagriculture.Publicrecognitionofthecriticalimportanceofmaintainingandrebuildinghealthysoilsforlongtermsustainableagricul-turalproductionisgrowing.Butwhilemuchprogresshasbeenmade,thereismuchmoretobedone.Themorecomprehensiveassessmentofsoilhealthdescribedinthismanualisavailabletothepubliconafee-for-servicebasis,andprovidesfield-specificinformationonconstraintsinbiologicalandphysicalprocesses,inadditiontostandardsoilnutrientanalysis（soilhealth.cals.cornell.edu/）.Inessence,theassessmentexpandsonawellunderstoodapproachthathasbeenfoundationaltohighagriculturalpro-ductivity.Justasstandardsoiltestinghasinformednutrientmanagementbasedonidentifieddeficienciesandexcessessincethe1900s,theassessmentdevelopedhere,similarly,identifiesconstraintstobiologicalandphysicalsoilfunctioning.Thisinformationthenguideslandmanagersinmakingtargetedmanagementdecisionstoplanandimplementsystemsofsoilhealthmanagementpracticestoalleviateidentifiedconstraintsandmaintainhealthiersoils.Thecurrent（2016）versionoftheassessmentanditsinterpretivescoringwasdevelopedfortheNortheasternUnitedStates.However,theconcepts,frameworkandindicatorsforsoilhealthComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealth-TheCornellFrameworkManualixassessmentandmanagementplanningdescribedherecanbeexpandedandadaptedfornationalandglobalapplications.Themostrelevantcomponentsoftheframeworkare1）measurementofindicatorsthatrepresentcriticalsoilprocesses,2）scoringofmeasuredvaluesthatallowsforinterpretation,and3）linkageofidentifiedconstraintswithmanagementpractices.Themainbenefitofthisapproachisthattheidentificationofphysicalbiologicalandchemicalconstraintspromptsfarmerstoseekimprovedandmoresustainablesoilandcropmanagementpractices.Wehopethatthisframeworkwillevolveandbeusedwidelytomeasureandmonitorsoilhealthstatus.Itisexpectedthatamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofsoilhealthstatuscanleadtobetter,regenerative,andsustainablemanagementofsoilsthroughholistic,adaptive,anddata-drivenapproaches.xComprehensiveAssessmentofSoilHealth-TheCornellFrameworkManualThismanualislaidoutinfourparts:

I.SoilHealthConcepts（118）II.SoilHealth