毕业设计外文文献—Spring Boot的Web应用程序.docx
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毕业设计外文文献—Spring Boot的Web应用程序.docx
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附录A外文翻译—原文部分
F.Gutierrez,ProSpringBoot2
WebApplicationswithSpringBoot
Nowadays,thewebisthemainchannelforanytypeofapplication—fromdesktoptomobiledevices,fromsocialandbusinessapplicationstogames,andfromsimplecontenttostreamingdata.Withthisismind,SpringBootcanhelpyoueasilydevelopthenextgenerationofwebapplications.
ThischaptershowsyouhowtocreateSpringBootwebapplicationswithease.Youhavealreadylearned,withsomeexamplesinearlierchapters,whatyoucandowiththeweb.YoulearnedthatSpringBootmakesiteasiertocreatewebappswithafewlinesofcodeandthatyoudon’tneedtoworryaboutconfigurationfilesorlookforanapplicationservertodeployyourwebapplication.ByusingSpringBootanditsauto-configuration,youcanhaveanembeddedapplicationserver,suchasTomcat,Nettie,Undertow,orJetty,whichmakesyourappverydistributableandportable.
SpringMVC
Let’sstarttalkingabouttheSpringMVCtechnologyandsomeofitsfeatures.RememberthattheSpringFrameworkconsistsofabout20modulesortechnologies,andthewebtechnologyisoneofthem.Forthewebtechnology,theSpringFrameworkhasthespring-web,spring-webmvc,spring-webflux,andspring-websocketmodules.
Thespring-webmodulehasbasicwebintegrationfeatures,suchasmultipartfileuploadfunctionality,initializationoftheSpringcontainer(byusingservletlisteners),andaweb-orientedapplicationcontext.Thespring-mvcmodule(a.k.a.,thewebservermodule)containsalltheSpringMVC(Model-View-Controller)andRESTservicesimplementationsforwebapplications.Thesemodulesprovidemanyfeatures,suchasverypowerfulJSPtaglibraries,customizablebindingandvalidation,flexiblemodeltransfer,customizablehandlerandviewresolution,andsoon.
TheSpringMVCisdesignedaroundtheorg.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServletclass.Thisservletisveryflexibleandhasaveryrobustfunctionalitythatyouwon’tfindinanyotherMVCwebframeworkoutthere.WiththeDispatcherServlet,youhaveseveralout-of-the-boxresolutionsstrategies,includingviewresolvers,localeresolvers,themeresolvers,andexceptionhandlers.Inotherwords,theDispatcherServlettakeaHTTPrequestandredirectittotherighthandler(theclassmarkedwiththe@Controlleror@RestControllerandthemethodsthatusethe@RequestMappingannotations)andtherightview(yourJSPs).
SpringBootMVCAuto-Configuration
Webapplicationscanbecreatedeasilybyaddingthespring-boot-starter-webdependencytoyourpom.xmlorbuildgradlefile.Thisdependencyprovidesallthenecessaryspring-webjarsandsomeextraones,suchastomcat-embed*andjackson(forJSONandXML).ThismeansthatSpringBootusesthepoweroftheSpringMVCmodulesandprovidesallthenecessaryauto-configurationforcreatingtherightwebinfrastructure,suchasconfiguringtheDispatcherServlet,providingdefaults(unlessyouoverrideit),settingupanembeddedTomcatserver(soyoucanrunyourapplicationwithoutanyapplicationcontainers),andmore.
Auto-configurationaddsthefollowingfeaturestoyourwebapplication.
Staticcontentsupport.Thismeansthatyoucanaddstaticcontent,suchasHTML,JavaScript,CSS,media,andsoforth,inadirectorynamed/static(bydefault)or/public,/resources,or/META-INF/resources,whichshouldbeinyouclasspathorinyourcurrentdirectory.SpringBootpicksitupandservesthemuponrequest.Youcanchangethiseasilybymodifyingthespring.mvc.static-path-patternorthespring.resources.static-locationsproperties.OneofthecoolfeatureswithSpringBootandwebapplicationsisthatifyoucreateanindex.htmlfile,SpringBootservesitautomaticallywithoutregisteringanyotherbeanortheneedforextraconfiguration.
HttpMessageConverters.IfyouareusingaregularSpringMVCapplicationandyouwanttogetaJSONresponse,youneedtocreatethenecessaryconfiguration(XMLorJavaConfig)fortheHttpMessageConvertersbean.SpringBootaddsthissupportbydefaultsoyoudon’thaveto;thismeansthatyougettheJSONformatbydefault(duetotheJacksonlibrariesthatthespring-boot-starter-webprovidesasdependencies).AndifSpringBootauto-configurationfindsthatyouhavetheJacksonXMLextensioninyouclasspath,itaggregatesanXMLHttpMessageConvertertotheconverters,meaningthatyourapplicationcanserverbasedonyourcontent-typerequest,eitherapplication/jsonorapplication/xml.
JSONserializersanddeserializers.Ifyouwanttohavemorecontrolovertheserialization/deserializationto/fromJSON,SpringBootprovidesaneasywaytocreateyourownbyextendingfromJsonSerializer<T>andJsonDeserializer<T>,andannotatingyourclasswiththe@JsonComponentsothatitcanberegisteredforusage.AnotherfeatureofSpringBootistheJacksonsupport;bydefault,SpringBootserializesthedatefieldsas2018-05-01T23:
31:
38.141+0000,butyoucanchangethisdefaultbehaviorbychangingthespring.jackson.date-format=yyyy-MM-ddproperty(youcanapplyanydateformatpattern);thepreviousvaluegeneratestheoutput,suchas2018-05-01.
Pathmatchingandcontentnegotiation.OneoftheSpringMVCapplicationpracticesistheabilitytorespondtoanysuffixtorepresentthecontent-typeresponseanditscontentnegotiation.Ifyouhavesomethinglike/api/todo.jsonor/api/todo.pdf,thecontent-typeissettoapplication/jsonandapplication/pdf;sotheresponseisJSONformatoraPDFfile,respectively.Inotherwords,SpringMVCperforms.*suffixpatternmatching,suchas/api/todo.*.SpringBootdisablesthisbydefault.Youcanstilluseafeaturewhereyoucanaddaparameter,byusingthespring.mvc.contentnegotiation.favor-parameter=trueproperty(falsebydefault);soyoucandosomethinglike/api/todoformat=xml.(formatisthedefaultparametername;ofcourse,youcanchangeitwithspring.mvc.contentnegotiation.parameter-name=myparam).Thistriggersthecontent-typetoapplication/xml.
Errorhandling.SpringBootuses/errormappingtocreateawhitelabeledpagetoshowalltheglobalerrors.Youcanchangethebehaviorbycreatingyourowncustompages.YouneedtocreateyourcustomHTMLpageinthesrc/main/resources/public/error/location,soyoucancreate500.htmlor404.htmlpagesforexample.IfyouarecreatingaRESTfulapplication,SpringBootrespondsasJSONformat.SpringBootalsosupportsSpringMVCtohandleerrorswhenyouareusing@ControllerAdviceor@ExceptionHandlerannotations.YoucanregistercustomErrorPagesbyimplementingErrorPageRegistraranddeclaringitasaSpringbean.
Templateenginesupport.SpringBootsupportsFreeMarker,GroovyTemplates,Thymeleaf,andMustache.Whenyouincludethespring-boot-starter-<templateengine>dependency,SpringBootauto-configureisnecessarytoenableandaddallthenecessaryviewresolversandfilehandlers.Bydefault,SpringBootlooksatthesrc/main/resources/templates/path.
AndtherearemanyotherfeaturesthatSpringBootWebauto-configureprovides.Rightnow,weareonlylookingattheServlettechnology,butverysoonwegetintothenewestadditiontotheSpringBootfamily:
WebFlux.
SpringBootWeb:
ToDoApp
TobetterunderstandhowSpringBootworkswithwebapplicationsandthepoweroftheSpringMVCmodules,youaregoingtocreateaToDoappthatexposesaRESTfulAPI.Thesearetherequirements:
CreateaToDodomainmodelthathasthefollowingfieldsandtypes:
id(String),description(String),completed(Boolean),created(datewithtime),modified(datewithtime).
CreateaRESTfulAPIthatprovidesthebasicCRUD(create,read,update,delete)actions.UsethemostcommonHTTPmethods:
POST,PUT,PATCH,GET,andDELETE.
CreatearepositorythathandlesthestateofmultipleToDo’s.Fornow,anin-memoryrepositoryisenough.
AddanerrorhandlerwhenthereisabadrequestorwhensubmittinganewToDodoesn’thavetherequiredfields.Theonlymandatoryfieldisthedescription.
AlltherequestsandresponsesshouldbeinJSONformat.
ToDoApp
Openyourbrowserandgotohttps:
//start.spring.iotocreateyourToDoappbyusingthefollowingvalues.
Group:
com.apress.todo
Artifact:
todo-in-memory
Name:
todo-in-memory
PackageName:
com.apress.todo
Dependencies:
Web,Lombok
ChoosingtheLombokdependencyhelpseasilycreatethedomainmodelclassesandeliminatestheboilerplatesetters,getters,andotheroverrides.
YoucanselecteitherMavenorGradleastheprojecttype;inthisbook,weusebothindistinctly.PresstheGenerateProjectbuttonanddownloadtheZIPfile.UncompressitandimportitintoyourfavoriteIDE.SomeofthebestIDEsareSTS(https:
//spring.io/tools/sts/all),IntelliJIDEA(/idea/),andVSCod(/).IrecommendoneoftheseIDEsforthecodecompletionfeature,whichhelpsyouseethemethodsorparameterstoaddtoyourcode.
DomainModel:
ToDo
Basedontherequirements,youneedtocreateaToDodomainmodelclass.
showsyoutheToDoclass,whichhasalltherequiredfields.Italsousesthe@Dataannotation,whichisaLombokannotationthatgeneratesadefaultconstructor(ifyoudon’thaveone)andallthesetters,getters,andoverrides,suchasthetoStringmethod,tomaketheclasscleaner.Alsonotethattheclasshasthe@NotNulland@NotBlankannotationsinsomeofthefields;theseannotationsareusedinthevalidationthatwedolateron.Thedefaultconstructorhasfieldinitialization,soitiseasytocreateaToDoinstance.
FluentAPI:
ToDoBuilder
Nextlet’screateaFluentAPIclassthathelpscreateaToDoinstance.YoucanseethisclassafactorythatcreatesaToDowithadescriptionorwithaparticularID.
Repository:
CommonRepository<T>.Next,c
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