曼昆微观经济学 第二章.pptx

曼昆微观经济学 第二章.pptx

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,ThinkingLikeanEconomist,Chapter2,Copyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Requestsforpermissiontomakecopiesofanypartoftheworkshouldbemailedto:

PermissionsDepartment,HarcourtCollegePublishers,6277SeaHarborDrive,Orlando,Florida32887-6777.,Everyfieldofstudyhasitsownterminology,Mathematics,Psychology,Law,Everyfieldofstudyhasitsownterminology,Economics,Supply,Demand,Elasticity,ConsumerSurplus,Comparativeadvantage,Opportunitycost,Deadweightloss,TheEconomistasaScientist,Theeconomicwayofthinking.Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.Makesuseofthescientificmethod.,TheScientificMethod,Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.Developstheories,collects,andanalyzesdatatoprovethetheories.,Observation,TheoryandMoreObservation!

TheRoleofAssumptions,Economistsmakeassumptionsinordertomaketheworldeasiertounderstand.Theartinscientificthinkingisdecidingwhichassumptionstomake.Economistsusedifferentassumptionstoanswerdifferentquestions.,EconomicModels,Economistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworld.Twoofthemostbasiceconomicmodelsinclude:

TheCircularFlowModel,TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier,TheCircular-FlowModel,Thecircular-flowmodelisasimplewaytovisuallyshowtheeconomictransactionsthatoccurbetweenhouseholdsandfirmsintheeconomy.,TheCircular-FlowDiagram,Firms,Households,MarketforFactorsofProduction,MarketforGoodsandServices,TheCircular-FlowDiagram,HouseholdsBuyandconsumegoodsandservicesOwnandsellfactorsofproduction,FirmsProduceandsellgoodsandservicesHireandusefactorsofproduction,TheCircular-FlowDiagram,MarketsforFactorsofProductionHouseholdssellFirmsbuy,MarketsforGoods&ServicesFirmssellHouseholdsbuy,TheCircular-FlowDiagram,FactorsofProductionInputsusedtoproducegoodsandservicesLand,labor,andcapital,TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier,Theproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphshowingthevariouscombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtechnology.,TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier,QuantityofComputersProduced,QuantityofCarsProduced,3,000,0,1,000,2,000,700,1,000,300,A,B,2,200,600,C,D,ConceptsIllustratedbytheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier,EfficiencyTradeoffsOpportunityCostEconomicGrowth,4,000,TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier,QuantityofComputersProduced,QuantityofCarsProduced,3,000,2,000,A,700,0,1,000,E,2,100,750,Anoutwardshiftintheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier,MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomics,Microeconomicsfocusesontheindividualpartsoftheeconomy.HowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarketsMacroeconomicslooksattheeconomyasawhole.Howthemarkets,asawhole,interactatthenationallevel.,TwoRolesofEconomists,Whentheyaretryingtoexplaintheworld,theyarescientists.Whentheyaretryingtochangetheworld,theyarepolicymakers.,PositiveversusNormativeAnalysis,Positivestatementsarestatementsthatdescribetheworldasitis.CalleddescriptiveanalysisNormativestatementsarestatementsabouthowtheworldshouldbe.Calledprescriptiveanalysis,?

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PositiveorNormativeStatements?

Anincreaseintheminimumwagewillcauseadecreaseinemploymentamongtheleast-skilled.,?

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PositiveorNormativeStatements?

Higherfederalbudgetdeficitswillcauseinterestratestoincrease.,?

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PositiveorNormativeStatements?

Stategovernmentsshouldbeallowedtocollectfromtobaccocompaniesthecostsoftreatingsmoking-relatedillnessesamongthepoor.,EconomistsinWashington.,.serveasadvisersinthepolicymakingprocessofthethreebranchesofgovernment:

LegislativeExecutiveJudicial,WhyEconomistsDisagree,Theymaydisagreeontheoriesabouthowtheworldworks.Theymayholddifferentvaluesand,thus,differentnormativeviews.,Summary,Economiststrytoaddresstheirsubjectswithascientistsobjectivity.Theymakeappropriateassumptionsandbuildsimplifiedmodelsinordertounderstandtheworldaroundthem.Twosimpleeconomicmodelsarethecircular-flowdiagramandtheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.,Summary,Thefieldofeconomicsisdividedintotwosubfields:

microeconomicsandmacroeconomics.Microeconomistsstudydecisionmakingbyhouseholdsandfirmsinthemarketplace.Macroeconomistsstudytheforcesandtrendsthataffecttheeconomyasawhole.,Summary,Economicsreliesonbothpositiveandnormativeanalysis.Positivestatementsisanassertionabouthowtheworld“is”.Normativestatementsisanassertionabouthowtheworld“oughttobe”.Wheneconomistsmakenormativestatements,theyareactingmoreaspolicyadvisorsthanscientists.,Summary,Economistswhoadvisepolicymakersmayofferconflictingadviceeitherbecauseofdifferencesinscientificjudgmentsorbecauseofdifferencesinvalues.Atothertimes,economistsareunitedintheadvicetheyoffer,butpolicymakersmaychoosetoignoreit.,