诺贝尔经济学弟子讲座2.pptx
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诺贝尔经济学弟子讲座2.pptx
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Decentralization,ForestsandRuralCommunities,PolicyOutcomesinSouthandSoutheastAsia,EdwardL.WebbandGaneshP.Shivakoti,PublishedbySagePress,India,February2008,Problemsassociatedwitheitherorpolicydichotomy(二分法),TragedyoftheCommons(Private)PrisonersDilemmas,and(Nationalized)TheLogicofCollectiveAction(Benefit&cost)Ledthethinkingintermsof:
marketversusstatecentralizationversusdecentralizationdominatedearlypolicyanalysisandtheseledeithertofailedcentralizationpoliciesorimpositionofasystemofprivatepropertyrights.Alargegapexistsbetweenpolicyandrecentempiricalresearch,ExamplesofcentralizationofforestresourcesinAsia,Bhutan:
ThrimzhungChenmo(SupremeLaw)1959India:
1878IndianForestActIndonesia:
1967BasicForestryLawNo.67Nepal:
1957PrivateForestsActThailand:
1913ForestProtectionActVietnam:
1975implementationofcommunesystem,Outcomesofcentralization,LossoflocalauthorityandtraditionalrightsOpenaccessresourcebaseOver-harvestingofnaturalresources,Despitecomplexities,wecansaythatforestlosshasgenerallynotbeenpreventedbycentralizationpolicies,ForestdecentralizationpolicyinSandSEAsia,India:
JointForestManagement(JFM)(1990)Nepal:
CommunityandLeaseholdForestry(1976,1989,1993)Thailand:
Communityforestry(outsideprotectedareas)anddecentralizationofRFD(1986)Indonesia:
Re-emergenceofnagarisystem(1999)Vietnam:
Doimoi,forest/landallocation(1986,1991),Importantdecentralizationquestions,Whathavebeentheoutcomesofrecentforestrydecentralization(practicallyandtheoretically)totheforest-accessingcommunities?
Whatpolicyandcommunityfeaturesfacilitateorhindercommunityadaptation?
ContributorsandCollaborators,ArunAgrawal,SchoolofNaturalResourcesandtheEnvironment,UniversityofMichiganLamDorji,RoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofNature,Thimpu,BhutanNgoTriDung,HueUniversityofForestryandAgriculture,VietnamBirendraKarna,MukundaKarmacharya,NepalForestResourcesandInstitutionsResearchProgramNepalAmbikaP.Gautam,NitayaKijtewachakul,GaneshShivakoti,EdwardL.Webb,AsianInstituteofTechnologyRuchaGhate,DeepshikhaMehra,SHODH:
TheInstituteforResearchandDevelopementIndiaHariniNagendra,AshokaTrustforResearchinEcologyandtheEnvironment,IndiaElinorOstrom,WorkshopinPoliticalTheoryandPolicyAnalysis,IndianaUniversityYonariza,AndalasUniversity,WestSumatra,Ourresearchmethods,CasestudiesusingtheInternationalForestryResourcesandInstitutions(IFRI)protocolInterdisciplinarymethodincluding:
BotanicalinventoryInstitutionalanalysisHistoricaltransect大事记Remotesensing/GIS,Synthesis:
FacilitatingDecentralizedPoliciesforSustainableGovernanceandManagementofForestResourcesinAsia,Challenges,Managementtype:
Community-managed,government-managed,self-initiated,NGO-promoted,conservation-oriented,utilization-orientedPriorhistory:
Long-term(n=5),medium-term(n=6),recent(n=8)Forestsize:
Small(n=6),medium(n=5),large(n=8)Usergroupsize:
Small(n=8),medium(n=5),large(n=6)Heterogeneity:
Homogeneous(n=9),heterogeneous(n=10)Forestcondition:
Degraded(n=9),good(n=4),excellent(n=6),StructuralVariables,Centrallymanaged(n=6)Co-managedwithhighorlowconflict(n=16)Locallymanaged(n=9)*morethanonemanagementsystemmayapply,SupportStructures,Networks:
None(3),good(10),excellent(6)Legalplurality:
Absent(3),weak(6),good(10)Reliableinformation:
Unavailableorunreliable(8),availableandgood(11)Effectivelinktohigherlevelofgovernance:
Absentorpoor(11),presentandgood(8)Provisionsforbuildingsocialcapital:
Absent(5),present(14)Conflictresolutionmechanisms;Absent
(2),availableandindigenous(4),introduced(13),Results,Monitoring:
Absentorpoor(7),effective(12)ForestCondition:
Degraded(8),good(7),verygood(4)Equity:
Low(6),medium
(2),high(9)EliteCapture:
low(10),medium(5),high(4)CMConflictManagement:
Difficult(10),moderate
(1),easy(8)RecoveryfromInitialFailure:
No(7),yes(12)SustainabilityEvidence:
None
(1),Availablebutlow(5),Moderate(5),Presentathigherlevel(9),GeneralConclusions,Thereisaremarkablediversityofchallenges,structuralvariables,supportstructuresandoutcomesacrossthesecasestudiesThesolutionsforsustainabledecentralizedforestmanagementwillbeasdiverseasthecontextsthemselves.,Flexibilityofpolicyandthewillingnessofgovernmentstoallowlocalactorstoexperiment,testandexplorenewpotentialsolutionsisabsolutelyessentialforlongtermsuccess.Rigidgovernmentalstructuresthatdonotfullydecentralizetheauthority,andinherentlytheopportunity,tocraftlocalsolutionsaredestinedtobelesssuccessfulthanthoseallowingandsupportinglocalcreativityandlocalinstitutionstothrive.,
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