英语国家概况社会文化入门简答题整合终极版.doc
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英语国家概况社会文化入门简答题整合终极版.doc
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英语国家概况社会文化入门
只作参考答案,不是标准答案。
Unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUKI
1.WhatwastheBritishEmpire?
Whatdoyouknowaboutit?
InwhatwayistheEmpirestillfeltinBritainandintheinternationalfield?
1)TheBritishEmpirecomprisedthedominions,colonies,protectorates,mandatesandotherterritoriesruledoradministeredbytheUnitedKingdom.
2)Theeffectoftheoldimperialroleliesin4aspects.First,BritainstillhaveacloserelationshipwiththecountrieswhichusedtobeapartofempireinaorganizationcalledCommonwealthofNations.Second,BritainhadbeenamemberofEuropeanUnionsince1973,whichismoreimportanttodayinBritain’sinternationalrelationship.Third,BritainisstillarelativelywealthycountryandamemberoftheGroupofSevenlargedevelopedeconomies.Fourth,theobviouseffectliesinthemake-uppopulation.ImmigrationfromsomeofthoseCommonwealthcountrieshasproducedapopulationofwhich1in20areofnon-Europeanethnicity.
2.WhydoestheauthorsaythatitisnotpossibletosumuptheBritishpeoplewithafewsimplephrases?
BecauseBritainismadeupofdifferentelements.First,ingeography,itincludes4parts:
England,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.Second,itisamultiracialsociety.Therearemanydifferentculturesandreligions.Third,itisasocietywithobviousclass-structure,andeveryclassisquitedifferentinallways,forexample:
accent,clothandsoon.
3.“Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasion.”pleaseillustratethispointwiththeexamplesfromthetext.HowdideachoftheinvasionsinfluenceEnglishculture.
In3000BC,BritainwassettledbyIberians,wholeftStonehenge.
From8thBCto1stcentury,BritainwasinvadedbyCelts,whobroughtScottishandIrishGealictoBritainandbroughtthenameofBritain.
From43to410,BritainwasinvadedbyRomans,whomadegreatcontributiontoBritain.First,theybroughtChristianitytoBritain.Second,manyEnglishplacenamewereoriginatesfromtheLatinword.Third,theyweremarvelousatbuildingroads.TracesoftheseroadsstillremaininEnglandandWales.Fourth,theymadegooduseofBritain’snaturalresources.Theybuiltbaths,temples,andbeautifulvillasorlargehouseswithheatedfloors,indoorplumbing,andbeautifulmosaicfloors.
From449to8thcentury,BritainwasinvadesbyAnglo-Saxons.TheirlanguagebecameoldEnglishthatisthebasisofmodernEnglish.AndtheybroughttheirTeutomicreligiontoBritain.ThenamesofTuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,andFridayderivefromtheirGods.
In8th-1066,BritainwasinvadedbyVikings.Andin1066BritainwasinvadesbyNormans.
4.WhataresomegeneralcharacteristicsofScotland?
(P7Scotland第一第二段)howdidScotlandbecomepartoftheunionofGreatBritain?
(P8前3句)
Scotlandisthesecondlargestofthefournations,bothinpopulationandingeographicalarea.Itisalsothemostconfidentofitsownidentitybecausealoneamongstthenon-EnglishcomponentsoftheUKithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.ThusitisnotabigleapfortheScottishtoimaginethemselvesindependentagain.
Physically,ScotlandisthemostruggedpartoftheUK,withareasofsparselypopulatedmountainsandlakesinthenorth(TheHighlands),andinthesouth(TheSouthernUplands).Three-quartersofthepopulationlivesinthelowlandzonewhichspansthecountrybetweenthesetwohighlandareas.ThelargestcityisGlasgow,inthewestofthiszone.Scotland'scapitalcityisEdinburgh,ontheeastcoastfortymilesawayfromGlasgow.Itisrenownedforitsbeauty,anddominatedbyitsgreatcastleonahighrockinthecentreofthecity.Bothcitieshaveancientandinternationallyrespecteduniversitiesdatingfromthe15thcentury.
In1603,however,QueenElizabeththeFirstofEnglanddiedchildless,andthenextinlinetothethronewasJamestheSixthofScotland,sohealsobecameJamestheFristofEngland,unitingthetwothrones.ButforanotherhundredyearsScotlandmaintaineditsseparatepoliticalidentity.However,in1707byagreementoftheEnglishandScottishparliaments,ScotlandjoinedtheUnion.
5.DescribecharacteristicsofWales(P10第一二段)andWales'unificationwithGreatBritain(P10第四段).
1)Walesisasmallcityofabout300000peopleonthesouthcoast.ThissouthernareawasanimportantelementinBritain’sindustrialrevolution,asithadrichcoaldeposits.Coal-miningbecameakeyindustryfortheWelsh,employingtensofthousandsatitsheight.Soitsrecentdisappearancehasbeenamajoreconomicandculturalbelow.ButSouthWaleshasbeenverysuccessfulinattractinginvestmentfromabroad-particularlyJapanandtheUnitedStates,whichhashelpedtocreatenewindustriestoreplacecoalandsteel.
WalesisthesmallestamongthethreenationsontheBritishmainland,thoughlargerthanNorthernIreland.ItisveryclosetothemostdenselypopulatedpartsofcentralEngland.ThoughitishillierandmoreruggedthanadjacentpartsofEnglandthereisnonaturalboundary.SoWaleshasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernationsoftheunion.Nevertheless,whatisremarkableisthatdespitethisnearnessandlong-standingpoliticalintegrationWalesretainsapowerfulsenseofitsdifferencefromEngland.Italsoretainsitsownlanguage,Welsh.ThisisaCeltictonguecompletelydifferentfromEnglish,spokenby19percentofthepopulation,amuchhigherproportionofthepopulationthanspeakGaelicinScotland.Again,allthoseWelsh-speakersarealsofluentinEnglish.
2)WaleswasalwaysunderpressurefromitsEnglishneighbours,particularlyaftertheNormanconquest,whenNormanbaronssetupcastlesandestatesinWalesundertheauthorityoftheEnglishCrown.SomebriefcampaignsaretheonlytimesinhistorywhenWaleshasexistedasaunifiedindependentnation.
Unit2ABriefIntroductiontotheUKII
1.WhyisNorthernIreland,accordingtotheauthor,sosignificantintheUnitedKingdom?
Whatisthepoliticalproblemthere?
1)NorthernIrelandissignificantbecauseofthepoliticaltroubles.
2)IrishdesiresforanindependentIrishstatewereneverlost,andoneofthekeyissuesinlatenineteenthcenturyBritishpoliticswasacampaigninparliamentforwhatwascalled"home-rule"—IrishpoliticalcontrolofIrishaffairs.TheHomeRuleBillwasfinallypassedin1914,buttheprocesswasovertakenbytheFirstWorldWarandwassuspendedforthedurationofthewar.
2.WhataresomeofthefactorsinIrishandEnglishhistorythataffectthesituationinNorthernIrelandtoday?
Alongwiththepoliticalcampaignforhome-rulethereweregroupswhofollowedamoredirectmethodofpursuingIrishindependence,engaginginguerillaorterroristactivitiesagainstBritishinstitutionsandtheBritishmilitaryforces.DuringtheFirstWorldWarandimmediatelyafter,thisactivityincreased,sometimesbrutallysuppressedbyBritishforces.
3.DifferentpartiesandgroupsintheUnitedKingdomhavedifferentsolutionstothepoliticalprobleminNorthernIreland.Pleasesumuptheirdifferentattitudes.
1)MargaretThatcher'sgovernmentdidnotgiveintothisdemandforpoliticalstatusand11prisonersstarvedtodeath.
2)ThiseventrevitalisedthepoliticalcampaignofSinnFein,thelegalpoliticalpartywhichsupportstheIRA'srighttofight.ItsleadersspokeofatwincampaignforunionwithIreland,bothpoliticalandmilitary,whichtheycalledthepolicyof"TheBulletandtheBallotBox".
4.WhatdoyouthinkshouldbetherightsolutiontothepolicalprobleminNorthernIreland?
1)Peaceanddevelopmentistherequirementofthetimes,Peacecannotbegotthroughcompulsoryways,instead,consultationanddialoguearewaystosolveproblems.
2)Thekeyofsolvingthehistoricalproblemistakingthepolicy,whichisfromautonomytoself-determination.
Unit3:
TheGovernmentofUnitedKingdom
1.WhataresomeofthecharacteristicsoftheBritishconstitutionalmonarchy?
HowhastheEnglishmonarchyevolvedgraduallytothepresentconstitutionalmonarchy?
1)theoldestinstitutionofgovernment
2).TheQueenreignsbutdoesnotruleandthecountryisreallyrunbyGovernmentledbyPrimeMinister.
3)theparliamentistherightcenterofthecountry.
(2)theCivilwarsettherightsoftheParliament.Themonarchwaskeptbuthispowerwaslimited.Theconstitutionwassetuptoguaranteerightsofpeople.
2.Howdidthedoctrineofthe“divinerightofkings”,accordingtotheauthor,leadtotheEnglishCivilWar?
WhatdoyouknowaboutthecausesoftheEnglishRevolutioninthe17thcentury?
(1)JamesIandhissuccessorCharlesIbothinsistedontheirdivinerightaskings.TheyfeltParliament,representingthecommunity,hadnorealpoliticalrighttoexist,butonlyexistedbecausethekingallowedittodoso.ItwastheefforttoreasserttherightsofParliamentthatledtocivilwar.
(2)Inthe17thcenturytherewasacivilwarinEnglandbetweenrepublican“Roundheads”(socalledbecausethemendefiedpopularfashionandworetheirhaircutveryshot)ledbyOliverCromwell,whowantedtoabolishthemonarchy,androyalistswhowantedittocontinue,
3.WhatisthehistoryofEnglishparliament?
WhatroledidtheparliamentplayintheCivilWar?
(1)Inmedievaltimes,agroupofleading,wealthybaronswhoweresummonedbythekingseveraltimesayeartogivethekingsomeextramoney.ThiswastheGreatCouncil.Bythe13thC.,representativesofcounties,townsandcitieswerealsoincludedinordertoraisemoremoney.ThiswasthebeginningofwhatweknowasParliamenttoday.
(2)IntheCivilWar,theparliamentwasoppositetothemonarchyintheirdisputeoverthepower.TheRepublican“rou
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