雅思阅读matching 题型 扩展练习.docx
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雅思阅读matching 题型 扩展练习.docx
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雅思阅读matching题型扩展练习
1.从属关系配对
CAM7T2P1
Whypagodasdon’tfalldown
Inalandsweptbytyphoonsandshakenbyearthquakes,howhaveJapan'stallestandseeminglyflimsiestoldbuildings-500orsowoodenpagodas-remainedstandingforcenturies?
Recordsshowthatonlytwohavecollapsedduringthepast1400years.Thosethathavedisappearedweredestroyedbyfireasaresultoflightningorcivilwar.ThedisastrousHanshinearthquakein1995killed6,400people,toppledelevatedhighways,flattenedofficeblocksanddevastatedtheportareaofKobe.Yetitleftthemagnificentfive-storeypagodaattheTojitempleinnearbyKyotounscathed,thoughitlevelledanumberofbuildingsintheneighbourhood.
Japanesescholarshavebeenmystifiedforagesaboutwhythesetall,slenderbuildingsaresostable.Itwasonlythirtyyearsagothatthebuildingindustryfeltconfidentenoughtoerectofficeblocksofsteelandreinforcedconcretethathadmorethanadozenfloors.Withitsspecialshockabsorberstodampentheeffectofsuddensidewaysmovementsfromanearthquake,thethirty-six-storeyKasumigasekibuildingincentralTokyo-Japan'sfirstskyscraper-wasconsideredamasterpieceofmodernengineeringwhenitwasbuiltin1968.
Yetin826,withonlypegsandwedgestokeephiswoodenstructureupright,themasterbuilderKobodaishihadnohesitationinsendinghismajesticTojipagodasoaringfifty-fivemetresintothesky-nearlyhalfashighastheKasumigasekiskyscraperbuiltsomeelevencenturieslater.Clearly,Japanesecarpentersofthedayknewafewtricksaboutallowingabuildingtoswayandsettleitselfratherthanfightnature'sforces.Butwhatsortoftricks?
Themulti-storeypagodacametoJapanfromChinainthesixthcentury.AsinChina,theywerefirstintroducedwithBuddhismandwereattachedtoimportanttemples.TheChinesebuilttheirpagodasinbrickorstone,withinnerstaircases,andusedtheminlatercenturiesmainlyaswatchtowers.WhenthepagodareachedJapan,however,itsarchitecturewasfreelyadaptedtolocalconditions-theywerebuiltlesshigh,typicallyfiveratherthanninestoreys,mademainlyofwoodandthestaircasewasdispensedwithbecausetheJapanesepagodadidnothaveanypracticalusebutbecamemoreofanartobject.BecauseofthetyphoonsthatbatterJapaninthesummer,Japanesebuilderslearnedtoextendtheeavesofbuildingsfurtherbeyondthewalls.Thispreventsrainwatergushingdownthewalls.PagodasinChinaandKoreahavenothingliketheoverhangthatisfoundonpagodasinJapan.
TheroofofaJapanesetemplebuildingcanbemadetooverhangthesidesofthestructurebyfiftypercentormoreofthebuilding'soverallwidth.Forthesamereason,thebuildersofJapanesepagodasseemtohavefurtherincreasedtheirweightbychoosingtocovertheseextendedeavesnotwiththeporcelaintilesofmanyChinesepagodasbutwithmuchheavierearthenwaretiles.
ButthisdoesnottotallyexplainthegreatresilienceofJapanesepagodas.Istheanswerthat,likeatallpinetree,theJapanesepagoda-withitsmassivetrunk-likecentralpillarknownasshinbashira-simplyflexesandswaysduringatyphoonorearthquake?
Forcenturies,manythoughtso.Buttheanswerisnotsosimplebecausethestartlingthingisthattheshinbashiraactuallycarriesnoloadatall.Infact,insomepagodadesigns,itdoesnotevenrestontheground,butissuspendedfromthetopofthepagoda-hanginglooselydownthroughthemiddleofthebuilding.Theweightofthebuildingissupportedentirelybytwelveouterandfourinnercolumns.
Andwhatistheroleoftheshinbashira,thecentralpillar?
Thebestwaytounderstandtheshinbashira'sroleistowatchavideomadebyShuzoIshida,astructuralengineeratKyotoInstituteofTechnology.MrIshida,knowntohisstudentsas'ProfessorPagoda'becauseofhispassiontounderstandthepagoda,hasbuiltaseriesofmodelsandtestedthemona'shake-table'inhislaboratory.Inshort,theshinbashirawasactinglikeanenormousstationarypendulum.Theancientcraftsmen,apparentlywithouttheassistanceofveryadvancedmathematics,seemedtograsptheprinciplesthatwere,morethanathousandyearslater,appliedintheconstructionofJapan'sfirstskyscraper.Whatthoseearlycraftsmenhadfoundbytrialanderrorwasthatunderpressureapagoda'sloosestackoffloorscouldbemadetoslithertoandfroindependentofoneanother.Viewedfromtheside,thepagodaseemedtobedoingasnakedance-witheachconsecutivefloormovingintheoppositedirectiontoitsneighboursaboveandbelow.Theshinbashira,runningupthroughaholeinthecentreofthebuilding,constrainedindividualstoreysfrommovingtoofarbecause,aftermovingacertaindistance,theybangedintoit,transmittingenergyawayalongthecolumn.
AnotherstrangefeatureoftheJapanesepagodaisthat,becausethebuildingtapers,witheachsuccessivefloorplanbeingsmallerthantheonebelow,noneoftheverticalpillarsthatcarrytheweightofthebuildingisconnectedtoitscorrespondingpillarabove.Inotherwords,afive-storeypagodacontainsnotevenonepillarthattravelsrightupthroughthebuildingtocarrythestructuralloadsfromthetoptothebottom.MoresurprisingisthefactthattheindividualstoreysofaJapanesepagoda,unliketheircounterpartselsewhere,arenotactuallyconnectedtoeachother.Theyaresimplystackedoneontopofanotherlikeapileofhats.Interestingly,suchadesignwouldnotbepermittedundercurrentJapanesebuildingregulations.
Andtheextra-wideeaves?
Thinkofthemasatightropewalker'sbalancingpole.Thebiggerthemassateachendofthepole,theeasieritisforthetightropewalkertomaintainhisorherbalance.Thesameholdstrueforapagoda.'Withtheeavesextendingoutonallsideslikebalancingpoles,'saysMrIshida,'thebuildingrespondstoeventhemostpowerfuljoltofanearthquakewithagracefulswaying,neveranabruptshaking.'Hereagain,Japanesemasterbuildersofathousandyearsagoanticipatedconceptsofmodernstructuralengineering.
Questions5-10
Classifythefollowingastypicalof
AbothChineseandJapanesepagodas
BonlyChinesepagodas
ConlyJapanesepagodas
Writethecorrectletter,A,BorC,inboxes5-10onyouranswersheet.
5easyinterioraccesstotop
6tilesoneaves
7useasobservationpost
8sizeofeavesuptohalfthewidthofthebuilding
9originalreligiouspurpose
10floorsfittinglooselyovereachother
2.人名观点配对
剑四T2P3P53Q36-40
PLAYISASERIOUSBUSINESS
Doesplayhelpdevelopbigger,betterbrains?
BryantFurlowinvestigates
APlayingisaseriousbusiness.Childrenengrossedinamake-believeworld,foxcubsplay-fightingorkittensteasingaballofstringaren’tjusthavingfun.Playmaylooklikeacarefreeandexuberantwaytopassthetimebeforethehardworkofadulthoodcomesalong,butthere’smuchmoretoitthanthat.Forastart,playcanevencostanimalstheirlives.Eightypercentofdeathsamongjuvenilefursealsoccurbecauseplayingpupsfailtospotpredatorsapproaching.Itisalsoextremelyexpensiveintermsofenergy.Playfulyounganimalsusearoundtwoorthreepercentoftheirenergycavorting,andinchildrenthatfigurecanbeclosertofifteenpercent.‘Eventwoorthreepercentishuge,’saysJohnByersofIdahoUniversity.‘Youjustdon’tfindanimalswastingenergylikethat,’headds.Theremustbeareason.
BButifplayisnotsimplyadevelopmentalhiccup,asbiologistsoncethought,whydiditevolve?
Thelatestideasuggeststhatplayhasevolvedtobuildbigbrains.Inotherwords,playingmakesyouintelligent.Playfulness,itseems,iscommononlyamongmammals,althoughafewofthelarger-brainedbirdsalsoindulge.Animalsatplayoftenuseuniquesigns-tail-waggingindogs,forexample-toindicatethatactivitysuperficiallyresemblingadultbehaviourisnotreallyinearnest.Apopularexplanationofplayhasbeenthatithelpsjuvenilesdeveloptheskillstheywillneedtohunt,mateandsocialiseasadults.Anotherhasbeenthatitallowsyounganimalstogetinshapeforadultlifebyimprovingtheirrespiratoryendurance.Boththeseideashavebeenquestionedinrecentyears.
CTaketheexercisetheory.Ifplayevolvedtobuildmuscleorasakindofendurancetraining,thenyouwouldexpecttoseepermanentbenefits.ButByerspointsoutthatthebenefitsofincreasedexercisedisappearrapidlyaftertrainingstops,soanyimprovementinenduranceresultingfromjuvenileplaywouldbelostbyadulthood.‘Ifthefunctionofplaywastogetintoshape,’saysByers,‘theoptimumtimeforplayingwoulddependonwhenitwasmostadvantageousfortheyoungofaparticularspeciestodoso.Butitdoesn’tworklikethat.’Acrossspecies,playtendstopeakabouthalfwaythroughthesucklingstageandthendecline.
DThenthere’stheskills-traininghypothesis.Atfirstglance,playinganimalsdoappeartobepractisingthecomplexmanoeuvrestheywillneedinadulthood.Butacloserinspectionrevealsthisinterpretationastoosimplistic.Inonestudy,behaviouralecologistTimCaro,fromtheUniversityofCalifornia,lookedatthepredatoryplayofkittensandtheirpredatorybehaviourwhentheyreachedadulthood.Hefoundthatthewaythecatsplayedhadnosignificanteffectontheirhuntingprowessinlaterlife.
EEarlierthisyear,SergioPellisofLethbridgeUniversity,Canada,reportedthatthereisastrongpositivelinkbetweenbrainsizeandplayfulnessamongmammalsingeneral.Comparingmeasurementsforfifteenordersofmammal,heandhisteamfoundlargerbrains(foragivenbodysize)arelinkedtogreaterplayfulness.
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