The difference between English and Chinese translation.docx
- 文档编号:30763537
- 上传时间:2023-08-23
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:18
- 大小:28.41KB
The difference between English and Chinese translation.docx
《The difference between English and Chinese translation.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《The difference between English and Chinese translation.docx(18页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
ThedifferencebetweenEnglishandChinesetranslation
ThedifferencebetweenEnglishandChinesetranslation
EnglishandChinesebelongtotwodifferentlanguagefamilies:
English,theIndo-EuropeanfamilyandChinese,theSino-Tibetanfamily.Thetwolanguagesalsohavedifferentculturalbackgrounds.Translationisaninterlingualandinterculturaltransferandmulti-dimensionalcontrastivestudiesofthetwolanguageandculturesarethereforeessential.Therefore,beforetranslation,weshouldpayattentiontotheculturalelements.
AccordingtothedifferencebetweenEnglishandChinesetranslation,therearetenpairsoffeatureswhichweshouldtakeintoconsiderationwhenwetranslateEnglishtoChinese.
1SyntheticandAnalytic(综合语和分析语)
Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.
Ananalyticlanguageismarkedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms.
ModernEnglishhasbecomeaanalyticlanguage,butChineseisatypicalanalyticlanguage.
Inflection(变化词形),wordorder(安排词序)andtheuseoffunctionwords(运用虚词)areemployedasthethreegrammaticaldevicesinbuildingEnglishsentences.
1.1Inflectionalvs.Non---inflectional
InEnglish,nouns,pronounsandverbsareinflected.Suchgrammaticalmeaningaspartsofspeech,gender,case,person,tense,aspect,voice,moodandnon--finiteverb,canbta,expressedbytheuseofinflectedformswithorwithoutthehelpoffunctionwordsandwordorder,whereasinChinesethisisgenerallynottrue:
theabovegrammaticalmeaningsaremostlyimpliedincontextsorbetweenthelines,thoughoftenwiththehelpofwordorderandfunctionwords,
e.gTheytoldmethatbytheendoftheyeartheywouldhavebeenworkingtogetherforthirtyyears.他们告诉我,到(那年)年底,他们在一起工作就有三十年了。
1.2WordsOrder:
Flexiblevs.Inflexible
WordorderinEnglishisnotsorigidasinChinese.Morewaysofinversiongrammaticalorrhetorical,areoftenseeninEnglish.
e.gInterrogativeinversion(疑问倒装)
(1)Whatintheworlddoyoumean?
你的意思究竟是什么啊?
(2)Exclamatoryinversion(惊叹倒装)
Whatabeautifulvoiceyouhave!
你有多么好的嗓音啊!
TheflexiblewordorderinEnglishismainlytheresultofthegrammaticalconcordofwordsinthesentencewhichisachievedbyinflection.Whenexpressingtemporalorlogicalsequences,Englishmaymakefulluseofinflectionsandfunctionwordstomakeitswordorderflexible,whileChinese,withthehelpoffunctionwords,arrangesitswordorderaccordingtocertainrulesoftemporalorlogicalsequences:
Categorytwocontainsonlyfouritems,and2Ishallsaynomoreaboutthemexceptthat,3sincetheyareunderconsideration,4weshouldnotletthegrassgrowunderfeet,butattempt,asearlyaspossible,toarriveatacommonunderstandingintheinterestofhumanity,按照汉语的思维习惯重新排序,组成三个句子,顺序为1-3-5-4-2(.为了人类的利益,我们应该不失时机,力图尽快达成共识。
除此之外,别的我就不多说了。
)
1.3TheUseofFunctionWords:
EnglishandChineseMakeUseofDifferentTypesofFunctionWords.
Englishfunctionwordsincludethearticle,prepositions,auxiliaryverbs,coordinatorsandsubordinators.WhileChinesefunctionwordsincludeparticles,connectivesandprepositions.Eachhasitsownfeaturesintheuseofthesewords.
e.gTheyarestudentsofourschool.他们是本校的部分学生。
Theyarethestudentsofourschool.他们是本校的全体学生。
Chineseisrichinparticles,suchasaspectparticles(动态助词:
着,了,过),structuralparticles(结构助词:
的,地,得)andemotionalparticles(语气助词,呢,吗,吧)
e.g这回我可亲眼看见啦!
(感叹语气)
ThistimeI’veactuallyseenitformyself.
Englishhasalargenumberofprepositionsandprepositionalphraseswhichareofteninuse,whileChinesehasafewprepositionswhicharemostly“borrowed”fromtheircorrespondingverbs.
e.g:
Peterdrewhisknifeontherobber.彼得拔刀向那个强盗坎去。
Who,whom,whose,that,what,which,when,where,whyandhow,thereareconjunctiveandrelativepronounsareusedascoordinatingandsubordinatinginEnglish,thisphenomenonisrareinChinese.
e.g.Practicallyallsubstanceexpandwhenheadedandcontractwhen
cooled.几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。
1.4Intonationvs.Tone
Theabovethreegrammaticaldevices,inflection,wordorder,andtheuseoffunctionwords,havemuchtodowiththeroleofphoneticfeaturesinthetwolanguage.
EnglishisanintonationlanguagewhileChineseisatonelanguage.
2Rigidvs.Supple(刚性与柔性)
Englishsentencestructureiscomposedofnonephrase(s)andverbphrase(s).Ithasbecomeaninvariablecustomtohaveasubjectbeforeaverb,andthereforeasentencedoesnotcontainasubjectandaverbisfelttobeincomplete.Thesubject(s)mustagreewiththepredicateverb(V)inpersonandnumber,etc.ThisrigidS—Vconcordformsthekernelofsentence.withthepredicateverbcontrollingothermainmembers.Englishsentences,howeverlongandcomplicated,canbereducedtofivebasicpatterns:
SV,SVP,SVO,SVoO,SVOC.
Englishsentencecanbesummarizedasthesefivepatternsortheirvariants(变式),expansion(扩展),omission,combination(组合),orinversion.
Englishsubject-predicatestructureappearsrigidasaresultofcertaingrammaticalbonds,includingthepatternizationandtheprinciplesofgrammaticalandnotionalconcord.
Chinesehowever,isrelativelyfreefromthegovernmentofS—Vconcordandformalmarkers.Thesubject—predicatestructureisunusuallyvaried,flexibleandthereforecomplicatedandsupple.
ThesubjectofaChinesesentenceisvaried,oftenoptional:
文章翻译完了。
(受事主语)
Thisarticlehasbeentranslated.
累得我站不起来了。
(无主句)
I’msoexhaustedthatIcan’tstandup.
ThepredicateofaChinesesentenceisalsovariedandcomplicated:
e.g1天高云淡。
(形容词作谓语)Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.
2他出国留学去了。
(连动式谓语)Hehasgoneaboardforfurtherstudies.
Inaddition,therearequiteafew“illogical”expressionsinChinese:
晒衣服:
tobaskinthesun恢复疲劳:
togetrefreshed
晒太阳:
tosunone’sclothes恢复健康:
torecoverone’shealth
MoreambiguitycanbefoundinChineseduetothelackofconnectives,inflectionsandothergrammaticalmarkers:
1他欠你的钱(他+欠你钱/他欠你的+钱)
2热爱人民的总理(热爱+人民的总理/热爱人民的+总理)
Inaddition,thesupplenessoftheChineselanguagealsomanifestsitselfinthe“run--on”sentences,whichiscomposedofthe“fullsentence”andthe“minorsentence”.
3.HypotacticVSParatactic(形合与意合)
Hypotacticisthedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectives.Parataxisisthearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.
Toclarifytherelationsbetweenwordsphrasesorclauses,Englishmoreoftenresortstoovertcohesion(显性接应)frequentlyusingvariouscohesivetiessuchasrelatives,connectives,prepositions,andsomeothers.
e.gWhenItrytounderstandwhatitisthatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasonemightexpect,itseemstomethattherearetwocauses,ofwhichonegoesmuchdeeperthantheother.
Bythecontrast,Chinesemorefrequentlyreliesonconvertcoherenceandcontext,focusingontemporalorlogicalsequences.Chinesemoreoftenresortstowordorder,contractedsentence,four-characterexpressions,andsomegrammaticalorrhetoricaldevicessuchasrepletion,antithesis,andparallelism.CompareEnglishwithChinese:
人(若)不犯我,我(则)不犯人。
Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.
聪明一世,糊涂一时。
(对偶)Smartasarule,butthistimeafool.
4ComplexVs.Simplex(繁复与简短)
Withplentyofsubordinateclausesandphrases,EnglishhascomparativelylongerandmorecomplicatedsentencesthanChinese.Englishsentence-buildingischaracterizedbyan“architecturestyle”(楼房建筑法)withextensiveuseoflongerorsubordinatestructures,whileChinese,a“chroniclestyle”(流水记事法)withfrequentuseofshorterorcompositestructures.Therefore,EnglishsentencesareoftencomplexwhileChinesesentencesareoftensimplex.
e.gInthedoorwaylayatleasttwelveumbrellasofallsizesandcolors.门口放着一堆雨伞,少说也有十二把,五颜六色,大小不一。
(cf.门口放着至少十二把五颜六色,大小不一的雨伞。
)
5ImpersonalVS.Personal(物称与人称 )
Englishoftengoeswithanimpersonalstyle,inordertohidewriterandreaderandsomefeaturesofimpersonalarepassives,beginwithitandabstractnouns.Bycontrast,Chinesepreferstouseapersonalstyle,whichisfeaturedbymuchmoreactivesinformbutpassivesinsense,personalsubjects,orsubjectlessandsubject-omittedsentenceswhenthesubjectisselfevident,unknownorimpliedinthecontext.
1.Anideasuddenlystruckme.我突然想到了一个主意。
2.Alarmbegantotakeentirepossessionofhim.他开始变得惊恐万状。
6PassiveVs.Active(被动与主动)
(1)PassivesofvariousformsarefrequentlyusedinEnglishmainlyduetothefollowingreasons:
(1)whentheagentofanactionisself-evidentorunknown,itisunnecessaryorimpossibletomentiontheagent.
(2)Syntacticfactors:
forcohesion,balanceandfocuses,andweight.(3)Rhetoricalfactors:
forvariation(.4)Stylisticfactors:
morepassiveininformalwriting,notablyintheobjective,non-personalstyleofscientificarticles,newsitems,andgovernmentcommunication.
Bycontrast,Chineseoftenuseactiveformsincludingthoseinpassivesense.e.TherearesomereasonsforthelimiteduseoftheChinesepassiveforms.
Instead,Chinesegenerallyprefertouseactiveforms;besidetherearemanyotherwaystodenotepassivesensewhichisusuallyexpressedintheEnglishpassiveform.
1)Notionalpassives:
这锅饭能吃十个人。
(不说“这锅饭能被十个人吃”)Apotofricelikethiscanfeed10people.
2)Subjectlessorsubject-omittedsentences
为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我?
Whyshouldalltheunpleasantjobsbepushedontome?
3)Usinggenericpersons(通称或泛称)
人们普遍认为……..Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…….
7.StaticVs.Dynamic(静态与动态)
Englishmakesmoreuseofnouns,adjectiveandpreposition,andisthereforemorestatic.Conv
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- The difference between English and Chinese translation
链接地址:https://www.bdocx.com/doc/30763537.html