高中句子成分结构分析.docx
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高中句子成分结构分析.docx
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高中句子成分结构分析
句子成分
表示一个完整概念的语言单位叫做句子。
组成句子的各个部分(单词或词组等)叫做句子成分,句子成分有主语,谓语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾语补足语和同位语等,主语和谓语是句子的主要成分,其他为次要成分。
知识点1:
主语
主语(subject)是一个句子的主题(theme),是句子所述说的主体。
它的位置一般在一句之首。
可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。
1.名词作主语。
如:
Atreehasfallenacrosstheroad.
Littlestreamsfeedbigrivers.
2.代词用作主语。
如:
You’renotfarwrong.
Hetoldajokebutitfellflat.
3.数词用作主语。
如:
Threeisenough.
Fourminusthreeisone.
4.名词化的形容词用作主语。
Theoldneedhelp.
5.不定式用作主语。
如:
Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.
Itwouldbenicetoseehimagain.
6.动名词用作主语。
如:
Smokingisbadforyou.
Watchingafilmispleasure,makingoneishardwork.
7.名词化的过去分词用作主语。
如:
Thedisabledaretoreceivemoremoney.
Thedeceaseddiedofoldage.
8.介词短语用作主语。
如:
ToBeijingisnotveryfar.到北京不很远。
FromYenantoNanniwanwasathree-hourrideonhorseback.
从延安到南泥湾要三个小时。
9.从句用作主语。
如:
Wheneveryouarereadywillbefine.
Whetherwegoornotdependsonyourfather.
10.句子用作主语。
如:
”Howdoyoudo?
”isagreeting.“你好”是一句问候语。
知识点2:
谓语
谓语(predicate)或谓语动词(predicateverb)的位置一般在主语之后。
谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成。
1.由简单的动词构成。
(1).Whathappened?
(2).Heworkedhardalldaytoday.
(3).Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.
2.由动词短语构成的谓语。
(1).Iamreading.
(2).What’sbeenkeepingyouallthistime?
(3).Youcandoitifyoutryhard.
3.英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词,表生动。
这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have,get,take,give等。
如:
(1).Ihadaswimyesterday.(hadaswim代替了swam)
(2).Takealookatthat!
(takealook代替了look)
(3).Hegaveasigh.(gaveasigh代替了sighed)
(4).Igotagoodshake-up.(agoodshake-up代替了wasshakenupthoroughly(充分,彻底的))
知识点3:
表语
表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。
它也可以说是一种主语补语。
它位于联系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构。
在系表结构中,联系动词只是形式上的谓语,二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。
可以作表语的词有:
名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。
1.TheweddingwasthatSunday.(名词)
2.Sothat’sthat.(代词)
3.Weareseven.(数词)
4.Areyoubusy?
(形容词)
5.Areyouthere?
(电话用语)(副词)
Isanybodyin?
(副词)
6.AllIcoulddowastowait.(不定式)
Myanswertohisthreat(威胁)wastohithimonthenose.(不定式)
7.Complimenting(赞美,祝贺)islying.(动名词)
Isthataskingsomuch?
(动名词)
8.Iwassomuchsurprisedatit.(过分)
I’mverypleasedwithwhathehasdone.(过分)
9.Sheisingoodhealth.(介词短语)
Theshowisfromseventillten.(介词短语)
10.Isthatwhyyouwereangry?
(从句)
11.ThisiswhereIfirstmether.(从句)
【补充】
能做系动词的实义动词:
come,go,run,turn,get,become,keep,stay,make(表变化的动词)
fell,sound,smell,look,taste(感观动词)
seem,appear(似乎,好像)
例如:
1.Ourdreamhascometrue.(Come后常加easy,loosenatural等)
2.Hefellsick.
Keepfit.
Keep作为系动词还常接quiet,calm,cool,well,warm,silent,clean,dry
3.Thewellrandry.(short,loose,wild,cold等)
4.Athinpersonalwaysseemstobetallerthanhereallyis.
知识点4:
宾语
宾语(object)在句中主要充当动作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。
如:
Ourteambeatalltheothers.
可以用作宾语的有:
名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。
1.Doyoulikeadrink?
(名词)
2.Theywon’thurtus.(代词)
3.Ifyouadd5to5,youget10.(数词)。
4.Ishalldomypossible.(名词化形容词)
5.Helefttherelastweek.(副词)
6.Doesshereallymeantoleavehome?
(不定式)
7.Heneverdidtheunexpected.(名词化的分词)
8.DoyouunderstandwhatImean?
(从句)
【扩展】
宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语(directobject)与间接宾语(indirectobject)。
直接宾语一般指动作的承受者,间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物(多指人),具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dativeverb),常用的有:
answer,bring,buy,do,find,get,give,hand,keep,leave,lend,make,offer,owe,pass,pay,play,promise,read,save,sell,send,show,sing,take等;
间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用,通常放在直接宾语之前。
如:
Ihavefoundhimaplace.我给他找到了一个职位。
知识点5:
补语
补语(complement)是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。
补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语(subjectcomplement);
补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语(objectcomplement).
(1).容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前,后有逗号。
Tiredandsleepy,Iwenttobed.我又累又困,就去睡了。
有时可以置于主语之后,前后都有逗号,与非限定性定语相似。
如:
Theman,cruelbeyondbelief,didn’tlistentotheirpleadings.
(2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等
1.TheynamedthechildJimmy.(名词用作并与补语)
2.Mymotherlookssoyoungthatyouwouldthinkhermysister.(名词短语作宾语补语)
3.Heboiledtheegghard.(形容词用作宾语补语)
3.Ifoundthebookveryinteresting.(形容词短语用作宾补)
4.ThecomradeswantedDr.Bethunetotakecover.(不定式用作宾语补语)
5.IcallthisrobbingPetertopayPaul.(动名作宾补)
6.Don’ttakehiskindnessforgranted.(介词短语作宾补)
知识点6:
定语
定语是用来说明名词(代词)的品质与特征的词或一组词。
可用作定语的有:
形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。
1.形容词用作定语是大量的。
(1)Sheisanaturalmusician.
(2)Hemustbethebestviolinistalive.(后置定语)
2.名词用作定语。
如
(1)Ababygirl女婴
(2)wellwater井水
(3)Sportscar双座轻型汽车
(4)Afool’sparadise梦幻的天堂
2.代词作定语。
(1)Yourhairneedscutting.(物主代词用作定语)
(2)Everybody’sbusinessisnobody’sbusiness.(不定代词所有格作定语)
3.数词作定语
(1)There’sonlyonewaytodoit.
(2)Doitnow,youmaynotgetasecondchance.
基数词用作后置定语:
page24Room201theyear1949
4.副词充当定语时常后置,如:
theroomabove楼上的房间theworldtoday今日世界
thewayout出路adayoff休息日
5.不定式用作定语
(1)Herpromisetowritewasforgotten.
(2)That’sthewaytodoit.
6.动名词用作定语.
Awalkingstick拐杖sleepingpills安眠药
eatingimplements吃饭用具learningmethod学习方法
7.分词充当定语
asleepingchild正在睡中的小孩adrinkingman嗜酒者
aretiredworker一个退休工人afadedflower一朵谢了的花
7.介词短语用作定语。
(1)ThisisamapofChina.
(2)Thewildlookinhiseyesspokeplainerthanwords.
8.从句用作定语,即定语从句
Thecarthat’sparkedoutsideismine.
Yourcar,whichInoticedoutside,hasbeenhitbyanotherone.
知识点7:
状语
状语(adverbial)是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。
如:
1.Thegirlisimprovingremarkably.
2.可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。
副词最常用作状语,位置比较灵活,可置句末、句首和句中。
Hespeaksthelanguagebadlybutreaditwell.
Naturallyweexpecthotelgueststolocktheirdoors.
3.状语按用途来分,可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等
(1)时间状语,多位于句末和句首,有时亦可置于句中
Shallwedotheshoppingtodayortomorrow?
InChinanowleadstheworld.
(2)地点状语,多置于句末,有时也位于句首和句中。
Thereareplentyoffishinthesea.
Shekissedhermotherontheplatform(月台).
(3)原因状语,包括表理由的状语,多置于句末,有时亦可置于句首。
Becausehewasill,Tomlosthisjob.
IeatpotatoesbecauseIlikethem.
(4)结果状语,多由不定式、分词和从句表示,常位于句末。
Shewokesuddenlytofindsomeonestandinginthedoorway.
ShespokesosoftlythatIcouldn’thearwhatshesaid.
(5)目的状语,多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示,常位于句末,强调时可以置于句首。
Heranforshelter(隐蔽处).
Inordertogetintoagoodschool,Imuststudyevenharder.
(6)条件状语。
多由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。
We’llbeluckytogettherebeforedark.
Ifheweretocome,whatshouldwesaytohim?
(7)让步状语,由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。
Forallhismoney,hedidn’tseemhappy.
Hehelpedmealthoughhedidn’tknowme.
(8)程度状语。
常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。
Thelectureisveryinteresting.
Towhatextentwouldyoutrustthem?
(9)伴随状语,常由短语和独立主格等表示。
对位于句末和句首。
Mytrainstartsatsix,arrivingatChicagoatten.
Hestoodthere,pipe(烟斗)inmouth.
检测题
(一):
指出下列句中主语的中心词
①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.
②Thereisanoldmancominghere.
③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.
④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.
检测题
(二):
选出句中谓语的中心词
①Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.
A.don'tB.likeC.pictureD.wall
②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.
A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer
③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?
A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus
④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.
A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon
⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?
A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast
⑥Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.
A.TomB.didn'tC.doD.hishomework
⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.
A.wantB.totellC.youD.is
⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.
A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor
⑨Heisinterestedinmusic.
A.isB.interestedC.inD.music
⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?
A.giveB.didC.whomD.book
检测题(三):
挑出下列句中的宾语
①?
Mybrother?
hasn't?
done?
hishomework.
ABCD
②?
People?
all?
over?
theworld?
speak?
English.
ABCD
③Youmustpay?
good?
attention?
to?
your?
pronunciation.
ABCD
④Howmanynew?
words?
did?
you?
learn?
lastclass?
ABCD
⑤Someofthe?
students?
intheschoolwant?
togoswimming,?
how?
about?
you?
ABCD
⑥The?
oldman?
sitting?
atthegate?
said?
hewasill.
ABCD
⑦?
They?
made?
him?
monitor?
oftheclass.
ABCD
⑧Go?
across?
the?
bridge?
andyou?
willfind?
themuseum?
ontheleft.
ABCD
⑨Youwillfind?
it?
useful?
after?
you?
leave?
school.
ABCD
⑩?
They?
didn'tknow?
who?
"Father?
Christmas"reallyis.
ABCD
检测题(四):
挑出下列句中的表语
①?
Theoldman?
was?
feeling?
very?
tired.
ABCD
②Whyis?
he?
worried?
about?
Jim?
ABCD
③?
The?
leaves?
have?
turned?
yellow.
ABCD
④Soon?
They?
all?
becameinterested?
inthesubject.
ABCD
⑤She?
was?
thefirst?
tolearn?
aboutit.
ABCD
(五)挑出下列句中的定语(完成前2题,其余做课后作业)
①?
They?
use?
Mr.Mrs.withthe?
family?
name.
ABCD
②?
What?
is?
your?
given?
name?
ABCD
③Onthe?
third?
lap?
are?
Class1andClass3.
ABCD
④Iam?
afraid?
some?
people?
forgot?
tosweep?
thefloor.
ABCD
⑤?
Theman?
downstairs?
was?
trying?
tosleep.
ABCD
⑥?
I?
amwaiting?
for?
thesound?
oftheothershoe!
ABCD
检测题(六):
挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
①She?
likes?
thechildren?
toreadnewspapersandbooks?
inthe?
reading-room.
ABCD
②He?
asked?
her?
totaketheboy?
outofschool.
ABCD
③She?
found?
it?
difficult?
todothework.
ABCD
④They?
call?
me?
Lily?
sometimes.
ABCD
⑤?
I?
saw?
Mr.Wang?
getonthebus.
ABCD
⑥Didyousee?
LiMing?
playingfootball?
ontheplayground?
justnow?
ABCD
检测题(七):
挑出下列句中的状语
①?
There?
was?
abigsmile?
onherface.
ABCD
②?
Everynight?
he?
heard?
thenoise?
upstairs.
ABCD
③He?
began?
tolearn?
English?
whenhewaseleven.
ABCD
④?
Theman?
onthemotorbike?
wastravelling?
tofast.
ABCD
⑤?
Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,?
Miss?
Li?
hurriedoff.
ABCD
⑥?
She?
loves?
thelibrary?
becauseshelovesbooks.
ABCD
⑦?
I?
am?
afraid?
that?
ifyou'velostit,?
youmustpayforit.
ABCD
⑧?
Thestudents?
followed?
UncleWang?
toseetheothermachine.
ABCD
检测题(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
①Pleasetellusastory.
②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.
③MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.
④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.
⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?
课后作业:
1.WealwaysworkhardatEnglish.
——————————————
2.Hesaidhedidn'tcome.
———————————————
3.Theyloveeachother.
——————————
4.Whatdidyoubye?
————————
5.Shewatchedherdaughterplayingthepiano.
—————————————————————
6.Yourjobtodayistohelptheold.
——————-——————————
7.Speakingdoesn'tmeandoing.
————————————
8.ByethetimeIgottothestation,thetrainhadleft.
—————————————————————————
9.Thechildrenboughttheirparentsacarforthe25thanniversaryoftheirmarriage.
———————————————————————————————
10.Ittakesmeanhourtogetthere.
————————————————
检测题
1、often,She,five,for,times,homework,a,does,week.
2、sometimes,TV,watches,He.
3、of,two,I,cups,want,water.
4、book,on,desk,The,is,the.
5、a,country,is,China,great.
6、an,A,is,animal.
7、is,very,The,beautiful,city.
8、have,I,sisters,two.
9、is,a,the,There,in,desk,classroom.
10、morning,on,My,football,Saturday,plays,father.
句子结构
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。
这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。
换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。
这五个基本句式如下:
S十V主谓结构
S十V十P主系表结构
S十V十O主谓宾结构
S十V十O1十O2主谓双宾结构
S十V十O十C主谓宾补结构
说明:
S=主语;V=谓语;P=表语;O=宾语;O1=间接宾
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