BASIC CONSEPTS OF ICT ms.docx
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BASIC CONSEPTS OF ICT ms.docx
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BASICCONSEPTSOFICTms
BASICCONSEPTSOFICT
THEHISTORYOFIBMPC.
Howcomputersdeveloped
ThehistoryofcomputerscanbetracedbacktotheChinesewithdiscoveryoftheabacus.CHARLESBABBAGEdemonstratedthatitwaspossibletofollowasetofinstructions-latercalledaprogram.Hismachine,theAnalyticalEngine,wasthefirstexampleofacomputer,eventhoughheneveractuallycompletedit.
Bythe1960’s,thesimple“fairylight”walldisplayshadbeenreplacedbyterminalsandthecomputerbecamethemainframe.IBM(InternationalBusinessMachines)calledtheirmachineapersonalcomputerandthePCasweknowittodaywasborn.
SOFTWAREDEVELEOPMENT
Thecomputersoftwareintermsofoperatingsystemsstartedtodevelopinthe1960.
Itwasinearly1960’sthatOS/360wasannounced,twoyearslaterIBMdevelopedDOS(DiskOperatingSystem)/360.Bylate1960UNIXcametolight.
In1974AppleDOS3.1
In1981MicroSoftDOS
In1985Microsoftwindows1.0
In1987AppleOS/2(1.0)
In1987MicrosoftWindows2.0
In1993MicrosoftWindowsNT3.1(versionofNewTechnology)
In1995Microsoftwindows95andOS/390
In1998Microsoftwindows98
In2000MicrosoftWindows2000
In2001thetwoGiantsinSoftwareindustryMicrosoftandAppledevelopednewversionsoftheiroperatingsystems.MicrosoftreleasedWindowXP.ApplereleasedMacOSX.
In2003MicrosoftreleasedServer2003.
WHATISCOMPUTER?
AcomputerisamachinethatcanbeprogrammedtoacceptDATA(INPUT),Processitintousefulinformation(output),andSTOREitaway(inasecondarystoragedevice)forsafe-keepingorlaterreuse.TheprocessingofinputandoutputisdirectedbytheSoftwarebutperformedbyotherHardware.
PARTSOFACOMPUTERSYSTEM
Anycomputerismadeupoftwocomponents.ThefirstpartiswhatwecanseeandtouchusuallyreferredtoasHardware,whichincludepartssuchasmouse,keyboard,thedisplay,themainprocessingunitandthecables.
Theotherpartofthecomputercannotbeseenortouchedratheritisasetofinstructionswiththeuser,andreferredtoasSoftware.
COMPUTERHARDWARE
HardwarecomponentsofaPersonalComputers(PC)are:
-
1.Theinputdevicethatgivedatatothecomputer.
2.Thesystemunitthatmanipulatesthedata.
3.Thestoragedevicethatsavethedata.
4.Theoutputdevicethatdisplaythedatainsoftorhardcopy.
5.Thecablesandconnectorsthatjoinitalltogether.
I.INPUTDEVICES
Keyboard,Mouse,Scanners,Rollerball,Digitalcamera,Microphone,Joysticketc.
2.THESYSTEMUNIT
a)CentralProcessingUnit(CPU):
-isthebrainofthecomputer.
b)Memory:
-Storesdataandinstructionsforfastaccess.TherearetwotypesofmemoryROM(ReadOnlyMemory)andRAM(RandomAccessMemory)
RAMisPrimarymemory,orMainMemory
ROMisSecondaryMemoryorPermanentMemory.
c)MotherBoard:
-isthemainprintedcircuitboardofthecomputer.
d)StorageDevice:
-ThesizeofcapacityofastoragedeviceismeasuredinBytes.StorageDevicecanbemagnetic(suchasHDD,FloppydiskandMagnetictapes)orOptical(suchasCD-ROM,DVD,DigitalCameras)
1Byte=8bits
Unit
Definition
Bit
Smallestunitofdatawithvalues0or1
1Byte
23bits=8bits
Kilobyte(KB)
210bytes=1,024bytes
Megabyte(MB)
220bytes=1,048,576bytes
Gigabytes(GB)
230bytes
Terabyte(TB)
240bytes
e)Modem(ModulatororDemodulator):
-Computerisdigitalbuttelephoneisanaloguewave,somodemconvertsdigitaldataintoanaloguewavetobesentviatelephonelineorthevice-versa.
f)Ports:
-aresocketsatthebackofthemainprocessingunit.
I.Serial:
-transmitonebitatatime.AnewversionistheUSB(UniversalSerialBus).
II.Parallel:
-transmitinbytes.
3.OUTPUTDEVICES
Outputdevicesenabletheusertoseeortoheartheresultofthecomputerinhardorsoftcopy.
i.VDU(VideoDisplayUnit),MonitorgivesSoftcopy.
ii.Speaker:
-soundsoftcopy.
iii.Printer:
-givesapermanenthardcopy.
4.CABLESANDCONNECTORS.
COMPUTERSOFTWARE
Softwareprogramsaresetsofinstructionsthatmakehardwarework.SomesoftwarescomereadyinstalledonthecomputerROM,andothercomeondisksorCD-ROMs.
OPERATINGSYSTEMS(OS)&APPLICATIONSOFTWARES
A.THEROMBIOSCHIP.
Theread-onlymemorychipisonthemotherboardandcontainstheinstructionsthatenablethecomputertostartuporboot.WhenthecomputerisON,itreadsthestartupinstruction(software)intheROMBIOSchip.(BasicInputOutputSystem).
B.OPERATINGSYSTEM(OS):
-areasetifinstructioncodes,usuallycompiledintoexecutablefiles,whosepurposeistodefineinputandoutputdevicesandconnections,andprovideinstructionsforthecomputer’scentralprocessortooperateonretrieveanddisplaydata.Someexamplesofoperatingsystemare:
-DOS,WINDOWS,OS2.UNIX,LINUXetc.
i.OperatingSystem
ii.UtilityPrograms
iii.Filemanagementprograms
iv.Virusdetectionsoftware
C.APPLICATIONSSOFTWARE.
Applicationssoftwarearecomputerprogramsthathelptheusertoperformspecificworkbymanipulatingtext,numbersandgraphicsinpackagescalledIntegratedPackages.SuchasMICROSOFTOFFICE,MICROSOFTWORKS,LOTUSSMART,SUITEetc.
Applicationsoftware
OperatingSystem
Hardware
KNOWLEDGE,INFORMATION&DATA
DATA:
-
Dataconsistsoftherawfactsandfiguresatthecollectingstagebeforetheyareprocessed.Dataprocessingresultsininformation.
Information
Processing
Data
INFORMATION
Unlikerawdata,informationhasacontextanditsmeaningisdependantuponthecontext.
KNOWLEDGE
Knowledgeisusedtointerpretandapplyinformation.Oncethisisdone,decisionscanbemadeontheinformationreceived.
INFORMATIONPROCESSING
Output
Processing
Input
Informationprocessingisconcernedwithinput,processing,output,feedback.
FEEDBACK
COMPUTERNETWORKS
WhatIsaNetwork?
Anetworkisnothingbuttwoormorethantwocomputersconnectedtoeachothersothattheycanexchangeinformation,suchase-mailmessagesordocuments,orshareresources,suchasdiskstorageorprinters.InmostCases,thisconnectionismadeviaelectricalcablesthatcarrytheinformationintheformofelectricalsignals.Butinsomecases,othertypesofconnectionsareused.Forexample,fiber-opticcablesletcomputerscommunicateatextremelyhighspeedsbyusingimpulsesoflight.Wirelessnetworksletcomputerscommunicatebyusingradiosignals,sothecomputersaren’trestrictedbyphysicalcables.
Inadditiontothehardwarethatcomprisesthenetwork,anetworkalsorequiresspecialsoftwaretoenablecommunications.Intheearlydaysofnetworking,youhadtoaddthissoftwaretoeachcomputeronthenetwork.
Nowadays,networksupportisbuiltintoallmajoroperatingsystems,includingallcurrentversionsofWindows,Macintoshoperatingsystems,andLinux.
Networkbuildingblocks
Allnetworks,largeorsmall,requirespecializednetworkhardwaretomakethemwork.Forsmallnetworks,thehardwaremayconsistofnothingmorethananetworkinterfacecardineachcomputer,acableforeachcomputer,andanetworkhubthatallthecomputerspluginto.Largernetworksprobablyhaveadditionalcomponents,suchasswitches,routers,andrepeaters.Smallorlarge,allnetworksarebuiltfromthefollowingbasicbuildingblocks:
Clientcomputers:
Thecomputersthatendusersusetoaccesstheresourcesofthenetwork.Clientcomputersaretypicallylocatedonusers’desks.TheyusuallyrunadesktopversionofWindowssuchasWindowsXPProfessional,alongwithapplicationsoftwaresuchasMicrosoftOffice.Clientcomputersaresometimesreferredtoasworkstations.
Servercomputers:
Computersthatprovidesharedresources,suchasdiskstorageandprinters,aswellasnetworkservices,suchase-mailandInternetaccess.ServercomputerstypicallyrunaspecializednetworkoperatingsystemsuchasWindows2000Server,NetWare,orLinux,alongwithspecialsoftwaretoprovidenetworkservices.Forexample,aservermayrunMicrosoftExchangetoprovidee-mailservicesforthenetwork,oritmayrunApacheWebServersothatthecomputercanserveWebpages.
Networkinterfacecards(NICs):
Acardinstalledinacomputerthatenablesthecomputertocommunicateoveranetwork.AlmostallNICsimplementanetworkingstandardcalledEthernet.ManynewercomputerscomewitheitherEthernetcardsalreadyinstalledorwithEthernetsupportbuiltintothemotherboardsoaseparatecardisnotrequired.Everyclientandeveryservercomputermusthaveanetworkinterfacecard(orabuilt-innetworkport)inordertobeapartofanetwork.
Cable:
Computersinanetworkareusuallyphysicallyconnectedtoeachotherusingcable.Althoughseveraltypesofcablehavebeenpopularovertheyears,themostcommonlyusedcabletodayiscalledtwistedpair,alsoknownbyitsofficialdesignation10BaseT.Anothertypeofcablecommonlyusediscoaxial,alsocalled10Base2.Forhigh-speednetworkconnections,fiber-opticcableisused.Inmanycases,thecablesrunthroughthewallsandconvergeonacentralroomcalledawiringcloset.Butforsmallernetworks,thecablesareoftenjuststrungalongthefloor.
Hubsandswitches:
Networkcableusuallydoesn’tconnectcomputersdirectlytoeachother.Instead,eachcomputerisconnectedbycabletoadeviceknownasahuboraswitch.Thehuborswitch,inturn,connectstotherestofthenetwork.Eachhuborswitchcontainsacertainnumberofports,typically8or16.Thus,youcanuseaneight-porthuborswitchtoconnectuptoeightcomputers.Hubsandswitchescanbeconnectedtoeachothertobuildlargernetworks.Formoreinformationabouthubsandswitches,
Wirelessnetwork
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