英语读写练习形成性练习13.docx
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英语读写练习形成性练习13.docx
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英语读写练习形成性练习13
UnitOne(BookFour)
IRF
(1)
MemoriesofAfghanistan
Afghanistan-----acountryonthebrinkofahumanitariandisaster,alandfilledwithfleeingrefugees,starvingpeople,andturbanedterroristsintrainingcamps.TVpicturestellthestoryofacountryinruinandpoverty,acountrybroughtalmosttototaldestructionbytwentyyearsofwarandstruggle.Yetonce-----thoughpoor-----thiswasaproudnation,andabeautifulcountry,andonewitharichculturalheritage……
ApartfromthenationsofEurope,therearefewcountriesintheworldthathaveneverbeenundercolonialrule----oratleastneverinrecenttimes;Afghanistanwasoneofthem.Manycenturiesago,GenghisKhan’stroopsrodedownfromMongolia,mercilesslykillingthemountaintribesmenofAfghanistanwhodaredtoresisttheinvader;butapartfromthishumiliatingperiodintime,theAfghanistans----whoareinfactamixtureofthreeseparateethnicgroups----haveheldtheirheadshighinthefaceofinvasion.
Thecountrythatisnowatthecenteroftheworld’sattentionwasonceoneoftheworld’sproudestnations,andanationthatothercountriesinvadedattheirownrisk.Inthe19thcenturythearmiesoftheBritishEmpireknewthatAfghanistanwasnotacountrytointerferewith.
Ahundredandtwentyyearsago,in1881,BritishsoldierswerenonethelessstationedintheAfghancapital,Kabul.Theyweretherefortworeasons,firstlytohelpstoptheRussiansfrominvadingthecountry,andsecondlytoensuretheexistenceofanindependentbuffer-statebetweentheRussianEmpiretothenorth,andtheBritishEmpireinIndia(modernPakistan)tothesoutheast.
QueenVictoriawouldhavelikedtoaddAfghanistantoherempire,buthersoldiersneversucceededinthismission,thoughtheytried,andfailed.In1879,thewholeBritishMission(embassy)inKabul,includingservants,wasmassacredbyagroupofrebelAfghansoldiers,furiousbecausetheyhadnotbeenpaidbytheirownking,MohammedYacoub.YacoubwasfriendlytotheBritish,sotheBritishgottheblame.ThestoryoftheKabulMassacrewasrememberedforalongtimebytheBritishinIndia,andrecordedbyseveralVictorianwritersandpoets.
OtherbloodyeventsalsomarkedtherelationshipbetweentheBritishandtheAfghansinthe19thcentury.In1842,inthenotoriousbattleoftheKhyberPass,acompleteBritisharmywasmassacredbyAfghansastheyreturnedfromashortraidintothecountry.Justoneman,adoctor,managedtosurvivethemassacre,andmakehiswaybacktothesafetyofIndia,totellthestoryoftheterribleevent.
ThoughtheworldhaschangedalotsinceVictoriantimes,Afghanistanhaschangedlittle.Inmanyways,theTalibanhaveevenmovedthecountrybackintime,adarkageofignorance,intoleranceandrepression;butevenwithouttheTaliban,Afghanistanwouldstill,today,beoneoftheworld’smostundevelopednations.Land-locked,asidefrommostmodernroutesofcommunication,andbrokenupbythemightyHinduKushmountainsandbyvastdeserts,Afghanistan,likethe“tribalterritory”ofnorthwestPakistan,hasremainedfiercelyindependentfromoutsideinterference,andstronglyattachedtoitstraditionalways.
Forthelasttwenty-fiveyears,theAfghanpeoplehavesufferedfromwaranddestruction:
theoverthrowofthemonarchy,thentheinvasionbytheSovietUnionin1978,thenthewaragainsttheSoviets,thenthestruggleforcontrolofthecountrybetweentheTalibanandthesupportersofGeneralMassoud,nowthemassivedepartureofapeopleonthevergeofstarvation,drivenfromtheirhomesasmuchbyfearoftheTalibanasbythethreatofmilitaryinvasion.
Yetinspiteofallthis,despitethedestructionofalargepartoftheircountry,theAfghanpeopleremainkindandhospitable.OlderAfghansrememberbacktoapast,whentheylivedinpeaceandrelativesecurity;youngerAfghans,whohaveneverknownaneraofpeace,lookforwardtothedaywhenanewageofpeacewillcome.Hopefully,thatnewdawnwillnotbetoofaraway.
Statements
1.Afghanistanusedtobeapeacefulcountrythatneversufferedfromanyforeigninvasion.
2.Afghanistanisoneofthefewcountriesthathaveneverbeenundercolonialrule.
3.GenghisKhan’stroopssufferedabiglosswhentheytriedtoconquerAfghanistan.
4.In1881,BritainsoldierswerestationedinAfghanistaninordertoestablishanindependentandpeacefulstatebetweenRussiaandBritishIndia.
5.TheentireBritishMissioninKabulwascruellykilledbecausetheywantedtopreventtheBritishfrominvadingAfghanistan.
6.QueenVictoriaregrettedsendingtheBritishMissionintoAfghanistanafterthe1879massacre.
7.In1842,acompleteBritisharmywasmassacredbyAfghansandnoonesurvivedinthebloodyevent.
8.IfitwerenotfortheTaliban,Afghanistanwouldhavealreadybecomeadevelopedcountry.
9.NowmanyAfghanpeoplesufferfromstarvation,Taliban’styrannyandmilitaryeventsandhavetoleavetheirowncountry.
10.InAfghanistan,neithertheolderpeoplenortheyouthwantanychangesintheirlife.
Key:
1-5FTETF 6-10EFFTF
(2).
PassageOne
Respectbeingswithintheindividuals.Theoriginalstateofrespectisbasedonawarenessoftheselfasaunityentity,alifeforcewithin,aspiritualbeing,asoul.Theelevatedconsciousnessofknowing“WhoIam”arisesfromarealplaceofpureworth.Withsuchinsight,thereisfaithintheselfandwholenessandcompletenesswithin.Withselfrealization,oneexperiencestrueself-respect
Conflicttakesplacewhentheawarenessofone’soriginalnatureandtheoriginalnatureoftheotherislacking.Asaresult,externalnegativeinfluencesrulesupremeoverrespect.Tobestabilizedintheelevatedstageoftheselfensuresgenuinerespectforandfromothers,sinceoneactsintheconsciousnessthateveryhumanbeinghasinnate(天生的)worthwhichispureandvirtuous.Suchamindsetguaranteesfinalvictory,sinceinteractiononthatbasisassuresthattheinherentgoodnessoftheselfandotheremerges.
Todevelopthevalueofrespectwithintheselfandtogiveitpracticalexpressionindailylifeisthechallenge.Obstaclesareencounteredtotestthestrengthofrespect,andtheseareoftenfeltatthemostvulnerable(易受攻击的)times.Self-confidenceisneededtodealwithcircumstancesinanoptimistic,hopeful,andself-assuredmanner.Insituationswhenallsupportsseemtohavevanished,whatremainsloyalistheextenttowhichonehasbeenabletobecomeself-reliantinternally.
Respectisanacknowledgementoftheinherentworthandinnaterightsoftheindividualandcollective.Thesemustberecognizedasthecentralfocustodrawfrompeopleacommitmenttoahigherpurposeinlife.Internationalrespectandrecognitionfor\intellectualrightsandcreativeidealsmustbeobservedwithoutdiscrimination(区分).Theeminence(显赫)oflifeispresentineveryone,andeveryhumanbeinghasarighttothejoyoflivingwithrespectanddignity.
Statements:
1. Whenthereisself-realization,trueself-confidencewilltakeplace.
2. Conflictresultfromthelackofawarenessofhumanbeing’soriginalnature.
3. Selfrespectisneededtodealwithcircumstancesoptimistically,helpfullyandsurely.
4. Theinherentworthandinnaterightsensurepeopletohaveahigherpurposeinlife.
5. Allhumanbeingsarelivingwithrespectanddignity.
PassageTwo
Googleisaworld-famouscompany,withitsheadquartersinMountainView,California.ItwassetupinaSiliconValleygaragein1998,andinflated(膨胀)withtheInternetbubble.Evenwheneverythingarounditcollapsedthecompanykeptoninflating.Google’ssearchengineissowidespreadacrosstheworldthatsearchbecameGoogle,andGooglebecameaverb.Theworldfellinlovewiththeeffective,fascinatinglyfasttechnology.
GoogleowesmuchofitssuccesstothebrillianceofS.BringandL.Page,butalsotoaseriesoffortunateevents.ItwasPagewho,atStanfordin1996,initiatedtheacademicprojectthateventuallybecameGoogle’ssearchengine.Bring,whohadmetPageatastudentorientationayearearlier,joinedtheprojectearlyon.TheywerebothPh.D.candidateswhentheydevisedthesearchenginewhichwasbetterthantherestand,withoutanymarketing,spreadbywordofmouthfromearlyadoptersto,eventually,yourgrandmother.
Theirbreakthrough,simplyput,wasthatwhentheirsearchenginecrawledtheWeb,itdidmorethanjustlookwordmatches,italsotallied(统计)andrankedahostofothercriticalfactorslikehowwebsiteslinktooneanother,Thatdeliveredfarbetterresultsthananythingelse.BrinandPagemeanttonametheircreationGoogle(themathematicaltermforthenumber1followedby100zeroes),butsomeonemisspelledthewordsoitstuckasGoogle.Theyraisedmoneyfromprescient(有先见之明的)professorsandventurecapitalists,andmovedoff campustoturnGoogleintobusiness.Perhapstheirbiggeststrokeofluckcameearlyonwhentheytriedtoselltheirtechnologytoothersearchengines,butnoonemettheirprice,andtheybuiltitupontheirown.
Thenextbreakthroughcamein2000,whenGooglefiguredouthowtomakemoneywithitsinvention.Ithadlotsofusers,butalmostnoonewaspaying.Thesolutionturnedouttobeadvertising,andit’snotanexaggerationtosaythatGoogleisnowessentiallyanadvertisingcompany,giventhatthat’sthesourceofnearlyallitsrevenue.Todayitisagiantadvertisingcompany,worth$100billion.
Statements:
6.ThebrillianceofS.BrinandL.PageaswellasaseriesoffortunateeventshasmadeGooglesuccessful.
7. Google’ssearchenginestartedfromtheacademicprojectinitiatedbyL.Page.
8. BrinandPage
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