医学英语范文.docx
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医学英语范文.docx
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医学英语范文
药物滥用
Over-utilizationofPharmaceuticals
Intheareaofantibioticsalone,themostprominentproblemhasbeentheover-utilizationofdrugs.TheCenterforDiseaseControl,forinstance,estimatesthat1/3oftheantibioticstakenonanoutpatientbasisintheUnitedStatesareunnecessary.Increasinguseofantibioticsislinkedtotheincreaseoftheirresistancebybacteria;intheUnitedStates,14,000peopledieeachyearfromdrug-resistantinfectionspickedupinhospitals.Intermsofhealthcarecosts,therisinguseofpharmaceuticalshasprofoundconsequences.From1993to1998,forinstance,annualdrugexpendituresintheU.S.nearlydoubledfrom$50.6billionto$93.4billion,mostoftheexpensesbeingbornebythird-partypayors.Totalspendingonprescriptiondrugsdoubledfrom1995to2000andtripledfrom1990to2000,constitutingoneofthemainfactorsdrivinguphealthcareexpendituresoverall.
Eatlesstolivelonger
Iftherewereadrugthathelpedonelivealonglife,almosteverybodywouldbuyit.Indeedthereissuchadrug.Itismoderateeating.
Somescientistshaveprovedthisbyexperimentson200monkeysoneatingless.Howeverwhyisitso?
Hereisadiscussion.First,itrelievesthegastricsystemofburdensoftoomuchproteinandfat.Theburdenmayresidesinintestinesandgiveswaytotoxinand**substances.ThesubstancesharmtheCNSandaccelerateaging.Second,itpreventsbrainmetabolicdisordercausedbysatiety.Satietymultipliessomecellsthatinduce~andshortensupplyofoxygen,andbloodtothecortex,whichinturnshortenone’slifetime.Third,Satietydamagescells,whichacceleratesagingprocess.Thisiscausedbytoomanyfreeradicalsthatdamage,cause**etcandquickenaging.Fourth,longtermsatietyresultsinobesity,diabetes,**etc.
Actually,thereweresometheoriesandtherapiesonmoderateeating,whichshouldbeadvocatedtoday.
Toconclude,forourhealthandlongevity,pleaseeatless.
1.ReductionofStudents’StudyLoad
Facinghugeamountofhomework,frequentexamsandambitiousexpectationsoftheirparents,Chineseprimaryandmiddleschoolstudentsnowgrowupunderheavypressures.Thishastimeandagaintriggered(触发)thenationwidediscussiononwhetherornotweshouldreducethestudents’studyload.
Somepeoplestronglyadvocatethatweshouldreducethestudents’studyload.Theyholdthat,first,itdepriveschildrenoftheirfreetimeandthegolden,cheerfulchildhoodwhichtheydeserve.Asaresult,everydaytheyrushtoschoolwithheavierandheavierbagsandreturnhomewithendlesshomework.Sometimestheyevenhavetoburnthemidnightoil.Moreover,alltheirweekendsandvacationsareoccupiedwithmake-uplessons.Second,heavystudyloadhasseriouslyaffectedtheirphysicalandpsychologicalhealth.(影响身心健康)Toillustrate,moreandmorestudentsareeitherwearingglassedorsufferingfromnervousdisorder.Occasionallyitevencanleadtotheoccurrenceoftragedies.
However,othershesitateaboutitandtheyprefertosticktotheoldpracticeratherthantoreducestudents’studyload.Theybelievethatonlyhardworkcanearnabrightfutureforchildren.Theyalsobelieveonlythosewhostudyhardundermuchstudyloadcangetrewardedbyfindinganidealjobinthecut-throatcompetition.Besides,theythinkit’sjustawasteoftimeforstudentstoidlearound.Thefactthatmorechildrenweredrownedthissummermightresultfromthereductionofstudyload.
Mysuggestionisthatweshouldmoderately(适当)reducestudents’studyload.Whatismore,asheavystudyloadistheby-productoftheexistingexam-orientedsystem(应试教育),weshouldreformtheexamassessmentsystem.(考试评估系统)Onlyinthiswaycanwecompletelysolvetheproblem.
2.ShoppingontheNet
NowadaysInternetisrevolutionizingourglobeandgreatlyfacilitating(使方便)ourmodernlife.Asamatteroffact,wecandoalmosteverythingontheNet.Toillustrate,wecanconductE-business,advertiseourproducts,bookanairticket,buyandsellstocks,evenhuntajobontheWeb.Recently,shoppingontheNetisgraduallybecomingpopularinmoderncities.However,peopletakedifferentattitudestowardsthenewwayofshopping.
Somepeoplewhoprefershoppingonthevirtualshoppingcenters(网上购物中心)orthee-commerceportals(网站),holdthatthenewwayofshoppinghasmanyadvantages.First,theweb-storescankeepcustomersupdatedabout(使现代化)thebestsellingproducts.Besides,theycanprovidecustomerswithawiderrangeofchoices.Mostimportantofall,itisveryconvenientandtime-saving.Peoplecanstayathomeshoppingwhatevertheywantonline.
However,otherswhosticktoshoppinginthereal-lifestoreshavetheirreasons.First,theyarguethatthoughtime-saving,it’salittlebitcomplicatedtopayontheWeb.Besides,theythinkthatcustomerscanneverrestassuredof(使仍然相信)thequalityofthecommoditiesunlesstheyseethemwiththeirowneyes.Finally,theybelievethebestwaytobeonguard(警惕)againstthefake(假货)andpoorqualitycommoditiesistoshopinthetraditionalway.Therefore,theydon’tshowanyinterestinshoppingonline.However,moreandmorepeoplewillprefershoppingontheWeb.
Andit’sbelievethatitwilleventuallybeanirresistibletrendofshoppinginthe21stcentury.
3.China’sForeignInvestment
China’sforeigninvestmenthasincreasedcontinuallyinthepast20years.It’sreportedthatChinahasapprovedmorethan350,000foreignfundedfirmswithtotalcontractualofUS$641.7billion.Undoubtedlytheuseofforeigncapitalhasgreatlydrivenoureconomy.IthashelpedtocreatemanyeconomicmiraclessuchasZhuhaiandShenzhen.
AlthoughgreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChinapartiallyduetotheforeigninvestment,yet,asadevelopingcountry,Chinastillprovestobeagreattargetforforeigncapital.Andthere’sstillpotentialforoverseasentrepreneursandforeigninvestorsinmanyaspects.Toillustrate,theycanstillinvestinagriculture,waterconservation,energy,telecommunications,rawmaterialsorinvestinenvironmentprotection,ITindustrynewlyarisinghigh-techindustry,esp.inwesternregions.
Asiswellknown,absorbingforeigncapitalisimportanttoourcountry’sgrowth,buthowtoattractmoreofittopushforwardanall-roundmultilevelandbroaderopeningup.Ithinktwofactorsaremostimportant.Ontheonehand,weshouldworkoutmorefavorablepoliciesandadoptaseriesofincentives(诱因)toluremoreforeigncapital.Ontheotherhand,weshouldfurtherimproveoursoftinvestmentenvironment.Onlyinthiswaycanweluremoreforeigncapitalandpushourdooropenwider.
4.ThePositiveandNegativeAspectsofExamsandtheExistingExaminationSystem
Aseverythinghastwosides,theexistingexaminationsystemisnotallbad.Itcertainlyhasmanypositiveaspects.Tobeginwith,examisaneffectivemeanstoassessstudents’knowledgeandproficiencyandtoevaluateteachers’teachinglevel.Besides,itcanhelpstudentsfindouttheirstrongandweakpointsinlearningandmaketheirknowledgepermanent.Mostimportantofall,it’softenservedasamotivetodrivestudentstostudyhardandgetwellpreparedacademicallyforthefuturecompetition.
However,it’softenblamedforitsobviousdefects.First,examsarealwaysover-stressedastheaimofbothlearningandteaching.Thustheexamsystemisoftenblamedfortheformationofthetraditionalexam-orientededucationsystem.Second,examsarealwaysassociatedwithpromotiontoahighergradeoradmittancetocollege.Therefore,theyareheavilyresponsibleforthepresentexam-assessmentsystem.Finally,becausethesystemleadstostudent’sheavystudyloadanditmainlyproducesstudentswithhighscoresandpoorabilities,it’salwaysthetargetofcriticismandfocusofreform.Inaword,thedisadvantagesdooutweightheadvantages.It’surgenttoreformtheexistingexaminationsysteminthenewcentury.
5.DoestheNewTuitionPolicyKeepStudentsAway?
Nowadays,underthenewtuitionsystem,anincreasingnumberofstudents,whopassedtheUniversityEntranceExaminationhavegotintonewanxietyofcollegetuitionandfees.Undertheheavyfinancialpressureandmuchpsychologicalstress,thoseoutstandingstudents,esp.thosepoverty-strickenstudents(贫困学生)andthosefromfamilieswithlaid-offparents,whowereneverbeatendownbyfate,nowseemtobedefeatedbythecrushingtuitionburden(千钧重负).Indeedtheyreallygotstuckbythefinancialproblem.
Therefore,manypeoplecomplainthatsomepoorstudentscan’taffordtopaythecollegetuitionandfeesandthenewtuitionsystemkeepspoverty-strickenstudentsawayfromcollege.Howcansuck(吸取)timeoutofthepart-timejobsandmanagetopassalltheexamsincollege?
Theyholdthatcollegestudentsshouldenjoysomefavorablepoliciesoftuitionssoastobeabletoconcentrateontheirstudiesandfreefromalltheworriesabouttheirpockets,andthatpovertyshouldneverbeahurdle(栏)tothegrowthofpromisingstudents.
However,inmyopinion,thenewtuitionsystemdoesaddmuchdifficultiestothepoorstudentsbutitwillneverkeepsthemawayfromcollege.First,incarryingoutthenewtuitionsystem,thegovernmentshouldprovidesomespecialpolicyforpoorstudents.Inaddition,theyareentitledtotakealoanfrombanksordosomepart-timejobsduringtheirsparetime,suchasweekendsandholidays.Finally,theycantrytowinscholarshipbyadditionalefforts.Inshort,manproposes(计划),andGoddisposes(决定).Noonewillbekeptoutofcollegeduetofinancialburdenunlesshisisdefeatedbyhisownself.
6.FamiliesAreNotAsCloseAsBefore
Alongwiththedevelopmentofthesocietymoreandmoreproblemsarebroughttoourattention,oneofwhich
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