高中定语从句讲义.docx
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高中定语从句讲义.docx
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高中定语从句讲义
英语的句子成分及基本结构
首先,我们来看一下英语当中词的词性(partofspeech)
(n.)apple,flower,student,adult,advertisemen⋯t⋯这些是_________词
(pron.)I,you,we,myself,ourselves⋯⋯这些是________词
(v.)work,run,read,abandon,beg⋯⋯这些是__________词
(adj.)excited,important,central⋯⋯这些是________词,常用来修饰
_______________
(adv.)fast,hard,happily,out,away⋯这些是________词,常用来修饰
_______________
(conj.)and,but,or,as,when,i⋯f.这些是_________词,常用来
_______________
(prep.)in,on,at,by,above⋯⋯这些是_______词,可以构成短语,在一个句中
做下列成分:
Thisisabookongardening.(做定语)
Thebookisunderthetable.(做表语)
HehasbeenheresinceFriday.(做状语)
Makeyourselfathome.(做补语)
接下来,我们在了解一下构成一个句子的基本成分有哪些(membersof
sentence)s
GeorgeisasmartboyfromBritain.HelikeslearningChineseverymuch.Historyis
hisfavoritesubject,too.TalkingwithhisChinesefriendsonlinemakeshimhappy.
在这几个句子里:
George,He,History,TalkingwithhisChinesefriends是句子中的________.
is是句子中的________.
like,make是句子中的________.
asmartboy,hisfavoritesubject是句子中的________.
learningChinese,him是句子中的________.
smart,fromBritain,favorite是句子中的________.
verymuch是句子中的________.
happy是句子中的________.
现在,我们进入正题,看看英语简单句的基本结构有哪些(sentencestructure)s
Todaywasmyfirstdayatmynewschool.Idon’ltikethenewpeoplearoundme.
WhentheyspeaktomeIfeelveryshy,sotheymisunderstandandthinkIam
unfriendly.Inourclasstheteachergaveusatask---tostandupandintroduce
ourselves.Icouldfeeleveryonelookingatme.Iwentveryredandcouldonlysaya
fewwordsquietly.TheteacherwillthinkIamabadstudent,butIworkveryhard.My
problemisthatI’measilyembarrassed.
e.g.1Todaywasmyfirstdayatmynewschool.
主语(Subject)+系动词(Link-verb)+表语(Predicative)+状语(Adverbial)结构1:
S+L-v+P+(A)你知道的系动词(Link-verb)有哪些?
be–am/is/are/was/were
WhentheyspeaktomeIfeelveryshy⋯
系动词还包括:
(1)表示“感觉”的feel,look,sound,taste,smell
(2)表示“变化”的become,fall,get,grow,turn,go
(3)表示“保持”的stay,remain,keep
(4)表示“看上去”的appear,seem
(5)表示“证明”的prove
e.g.2Idon’tlikethenewpeoplearoundme.
主语(Subject)+谓语动词(Verb)+宾语(Object)+状语(Adverbial)结构2:
S+V+O+(A)
e.g.3butIworkveryhard.
主语(Subject)+谓语动词(Verb)+状语(Adverbial)
结构3:
S+V+(A)
这个句子为什么没有宾语?
英语中的实义动词分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)两种。
及物动词指的是后面可以直接跟宾语的动词,如:
learn,see,study,like⋯.
不及物动词/词组指的是后面不能直接跟宾语,也不能用被动语态的动词/词组,
如:
run,happen,wait,work,takeplace,runou⋯t⋯
*有些动词,即可以做vt.也可以做vi.
e.g.Heoftendrivesveryfast.Heoftendriveshisfriendshome.
e.g.4Inourclasstheteachergaveusatas⋯k
状语(Adverbial)+主语(Subject)+谓语动词(Verb)+直接宾语(Directobject)+
间接宾语(Indirectobject)
结构4:
S+V+O1+O2+(A)
*第四种结构的句子都可以转化成为第二种结构的句子
e.g.Inourclasstheteachergaveusata⋯sk→Inourclasstheteachergaveatasktous⋯
e.g.5Icouldfeeleveryonelookingatme
主语(Subject)+谓语动词(Verb)+宾语(Object)+宾补(Objectcomplement)
结构5:
S+V+O+OC
*其它可以充当宾补的还有:
Noonelikestokeephisroomdirtyanddisorderly.(形容词)
It’scoldout.Whynotinvitethemin?
(副词)
TheynamedtheirdogJoe.(名词)
Theteacherhadthestudentsdoingtheirhomeworkforalongtime(.现在分词)
Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.(过去分词)
Heaskedmetogivehimahand.(动词不定式)
关于状语
状语可以分为以下几种:
1.Let’sgettogetherat7o’clock.(时间状语)
2.Imettheboyinthelibrary.(地点状语)
3.Hecamelatebecauseoftheheavyrain.(原因状语)
4.Shegottothestationtopickupherson.(目的状语)
5.Theyoungmangotuptoolatetocatchthebus.(结果状语)
6.WillyougotoNewYorkbyseaorbyair?
(方式状语)
7.Ifitrainstomorrow,themeetingwillbeputoff.(条件状语)
8.Despitetheheavyrain,hewenttolookaftertheoldman.(让步状语)
Ican’tdoanythingwithyoulookingatme.(伴随状语)
试一试:
你能说出下列划线的部分分别在句子当中担当什么成分吗?
9.Someoftheolderstudentscametoourclassroomtodaytotalkwithus目.的状语
10.Theyareveryenthusiasticandtheyspeakfluentlyinfrontoflotsofpeople.
表语;地点状语
11.Iwanttobelikethem.宾语
12.TheEnglishteacheralwayswantsmetotalk.宾补
13.WhenI’msittingatacomputer,Idon’tfeelshy.时间状语;表语
14.IliveinShijiazhuang,acitynotfarfromBeijing.定语
15.Whatshetoldmeseemsreal.表语
知识延伸:
如果在一个英语句子中,作某个特定成分的不再是一个词或者短语,而是一个从
句,那么这个含有从句的大句子就叫做复合句。
试一试:
你能辨别下列从句的种类吗?
1.Idon’tknowthathehasjoinedthearmy.(从句)
2.Whathesaidsoundsgood.(从句)
3.MyproblemisthatI’meaesmilybarrassed.(从句)
4.Hewantedtohelptheoldmanwholivednextdoor.(从句)
5.Whenthefilmended,thepeoplewentback.(从句)
6.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.(从句)
7.I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanfollowme.(从句)
8.Heissolovelyaboythatwealllikehim.(从句)
9.You’llfailtheexamunlessyouworkhard.(从句)
He’sunhappy,thoughhehasalotofmoney.(从句)
定语从句attributiveclause
◆英语谚语欣赏
16.Hewhoknowsnothingbutpretendstoknoweverythingisindeeda
good-for-nothing.不懂装懂,一事无成。
17.It’sthefirststepthatc千os里ts之.行,始于足下。
18.Hethatmakeshimselfasheepshallbeeatenbythewolf甘.当小绵羊,迟早要喂
狼。
◆概念
(1)定语从句:
在主从复合句中用作定语(修饰某一名词或代词)的从句叫定语从句,一般紧
接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2)先行词:
被定语从句修饰的成份。
先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。
(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which,as
关系副词when,where,why
在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,定语,状语)
关系词先行词从句成分备注
who人主语,宾语whom,which和that
whom人宾语
在从句中做宾语时,
whose人,物定语
常可以省略但介词提
关系代词
that人,物主语,宾语
前时后面关系代词不
能省略,也不能用thatwhich物主语,宾语
as人,物主语,宾语as做宾语一般不省略
when时间时间状语可用onwhich
where地点地点状语可用inwhich关系副词
why原因原因状语可用forwhich
◆定语从句三步:
第一找出先行词;
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语);
第三选择合适的关系词。
10.who,whom和whose引导的定语从句
(1)who或whom均可指代人,但who在从句中作主语或宾语,whom在从句中作宾语;两
者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。
作主语时,who/that不可省略;作宾语时,
whom/who/that可以省略。
◆I’vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschoolImetinthe
Englishspeechcontestlastyear.
◆IhavemanyfriendstoI’mgoingtosendpostcards.
◆ThepersonIwanttotalkaboutwithisTuYouyou,theonewontheNobelPrize
inPhysiologyorMedicinein2015.
(Who/whom/that;whom;who)
(2)whose表所属关系,一般指人,也可指物,在从句中作定语。
指物时相当于ofwhich;
指人时相当于ofwhom。
◆DoyouknowthemannameisWangping?
DoyouknowthemanthenameisWangping?
Doyouknowthemanthenameiswangping?
◆Thisistheroomwindowisbroken.
Thisistheroomthewindowisbroken.
Thisistheroomthewindowisbroken.
结论:
whose+n.(物)=ofwhichthen./then.ofwhich.
whose+n.(人)=ofwhomthen./then.ofwhom.
注意:
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
◆Tomistheonlyoneoftheengineerswhohascomeupwiththesolution.
2.that,which引导的定语从句
(1)which指物,在从句中可以作主语、宾语,也可作定语,作宾语时可以省略。
that指人
或物均可,在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语,作宾语时可以省略。
◆Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseumhadbeenconstructedthree
yearsbefore.
(2)限制性定语从句中,关系代词只用that不用which的情况:
①先行词为不定代词anything,nothing,something,everything,all,some,none,little,few,the
one等时。
◆Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomethingwassomeoneelse’sfault.
②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词,或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
◆ThefirstplacetheyvisitedinGuilinwasElephantTrunkHill.
③先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,thesame,any,every,each,few,little,no,some,all等
修饰时。
◆TheonlypartofthemealIreallylikedwasthedessert.
④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
◆Theywillneverforgetthethingsandpersonsthey’veseenorheardofduringtheir
longjourney.
⑤当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时,为避免重复。
◆Whoisthemanisstandingthere?
◆WhichistheT-shirtfitsmemost?
⑥先行词是主句的表语或者关系代词在从句中作表语
◆Heisnottheboyheusedtobe.
(3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况:
①关系词引导非限制性定语从句时,指物用which,指人用whom.
◆Theboywasawayfromhomeforaweek,worriedhisparentsverymuch.
②当从句中的介词提前,构成“介词+关系代词”结构时。
◆Weliveinanageinmoreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethanever
before.
③先行词为代词that或that所修饰时,
◆Idon’ttakethatistooexpensive.
3.as引导的定语从句
(1)as可以引导限制性定语从句,常用于“so/such/thesame+先行词+as⋯”结构中。
◆SuchmachinesareusedinourworkshoparemadeinChina.
注意:
which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。
◆(安徽高考)MoYanwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein2012,______madeone
oftheChinesepeople’slong-helddreamscometrue.
(2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句,定语从句说明整个句子,可放在主句之前、之中或之
后。
常用的这种类似插入语的句式有:
asthesayinggoes,asissaidabove,asismentionedabove,
asoftenhappens,asisoftenthecase,asisreportedinthenewspaper,asisexpected等。
◆Shehasbeenabsentforthemeetingagain,isexpected.
(3)as易错警示thesame+名词+as表示同一类事物
thesame+名词+that表示同一个事物
◆SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.
◆Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.
Such⋯as⋯引导的是定语从句,as在从句中作主语或宾语
Such⋯that⋯结果状语从句,that只起连接作用,不充当任何成分
◆HehassuchagoodlaptopIwanttobuy.
◆HehassuchagoodlaptopIwanttobuyone.
[典例](2015全·国卷Ⅰ语法填空)I’sdkippednearbyGuilin,adreamplacefortourists
seekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiver____________arepicturedby
artistsinsomanyChinesepaintings.
单句语法填空
19.(2015陕·西高考)Asalesman____________isnotpunctualmaynotmakeasaleifhe
arriveslateforanappointment.
20.(全国卷Ⅰ)Maybeyouhaveahabit____________isdrivingyourfamilycrazy.
21.(2017福·建龙岩质检)Tibetissuchaplace____________allthepeopleacrosstheworld
aredreamingofvisiting.as
22.(2016江·苏高考单项填空)Manyyoungpeople,mostof____________were
well-educated,headedforremoteregionstochasetheirdreams.
23.(2015四·川高考单项填空)Thebooksonthedesk,____________coversareshiny,are
prizesforus.
1.where引导的定语从句
where表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于“介词in/at/on+⋯which”。
◆(2015·北京高考单项填空)OppositeisSt.Paul’sCh,u_r_c_h___youcanhearsomelovely
music.
=OppositeisSt.Paul’sCh,uricn
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