四级阅读分题材训练材料.docx
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四级阅读分题材训练材料.docx
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四级阅读分题材训练材料
四级阅读分题材训练材料
1.社会学
Insocietiesallovertheworld,thefirstquestionparentsaskatthebirthofachildisalwaysthesame:
"Isitaboyoragirl.'?
"Theurgencyofthequestionrevealsthegreatimportancethatallhumansocietiesattachtothedistinctionbetweenmenandwomen.
Thisdivisionofthehumanspeciesintothecategoriesof"male"and"female"isbasedonabiologicalfact,sex.Allsocieties,however,developthisbiologicalfactintonon-biologicaldifferencesthatis,intonotionsofgender(性),or"masculinity"(男子气)and"femininity"(女子气).Genderreferstosocialideasaboutwhatpersonalityfeaturesandbehaviorareappropriateformembersofeachsex.Inotherwords,theconceptappliesnottobiologicalcharacteristicsbuttopurelysocialones,suchasdifferencesinhairstyles,clothingpatterns,occupationalroles,andotherculturallyapprovedactivitiesandfeatures.Ineverysociety,however,peopletendtoassumethattheirownversionofmasculinityandfemininityisasmuchapartof"humannature"asthebiologicaldistinctionsbetweenmalesandfemales.
Everysocialstatushasoneormoreroles,orexpectedpatternsofbehavior,attachedtoit.Apersonwhooccupiesthestatusofmaleorfemaleisthereforeexpectedtoplaycertainroles.Sexrolesarelearnedpatternsofgenderbehaviorexpectedinanysociety.Becausethesocialstatusofmalesissuperiortothatoffemales,sexrolesbothreflectandreinforceapatternofmaledominanceandfemalesubordination(从属).
Itispreciselythissituationthatisnowundersuchstrongattackinmanymodernsocieties,particularlyinNorthAmericaandWesternEurope.Theinequalityofthesexes,solongtakenforgranted,isnowbeingvigorouslychallenged.Whatwasonceregardedasanunchangeablefactoflifeisnowseenbymillionsofpeopletobenothingmorethanaculturalproductofhumansociety.Althoughwomenstilloccupyasubordinatestatusinnearlyeveryareaofsociety,thereisagrowingagreementthatthissituationisunreasonableandunjust.
全世界都呼吁男女平等,要求妇女解放,但很多人对这个问题的认识不一定很清楚。
本文谈了性别差别存在于两个层次:
一个生理学层次;另一个是社会和心理层次,这种分析可以帮助我们更好地认识男女平等问题。
文章逻辑性很强,但有一定难度,阅读时应当把有关的概念搞清楚。
1.Thedivisionofthehumanspeciesintothecategoriesof"male"and"female"isbasedon______
A)abiologicalbasisB)aculturalbasis
C)asocialbasisD)apoliticalbasis
1.A细节理解:
词句理解。
本题的考点在第二段第一句“Thisdivisionofthehumanspeciesintothecategoriesof‘male’and‘female’isbasedOnabiologicalfact,sex.”该句中的biologicalfact意思是“生物学事实”,也就是sex。
因此应当选A。
2.Accordingtothepassage,theterm"gender"isbasedon__
A)abiologicalbasisB)afinancialbasis
C)asocialbasisD)apoliticalbasis
2.C细节理解:
词句理解。
本题的考点在第二段第二、三句,第二句指出,生物学概念sex在社会中变成了非生物学概念gender,第三句指出非生物概念就是社会概念,根据社会公认的个性和行为特征划分人的性别。
因此因当选C。
3.Accordingtothepassage,sexrolesare__
A)patternsofgenderbehaviorsthatpeoplehavelearnedfromsociety
B)rolesthatpeopleunderstandnaturallyandbiologically
C)determinedbylawsandregulations
D)determinedbysomeauthorities
3.A细节理解:
词句理解。
本题的考点在第三段第三句“Sexrolesarelearnedpatternsofgenderbehaviorexpectedinanysociety.”该句的意思是“性别角色是人们后天学会的,在任何社会中人们能够预料的性别行为模式”,也就是说,性别角色不是天生的,而是社会文化决定的,因此选A;
4.Fromthepassageweknowthatmillionsofpeoplenow__
A)agreewiththeviewthattheinequalityofthesexesisaculturalproductofhumansociety
B)agreewiththeviewthattheinequalityofthesexesisabiologicalproduct
C)taketheinequalityofthesexesforgranted
D)attackthepoliticalinjusticeconcerningsexes
4.A细节理解:
词句理解。
本题的考点在第四段,根据该段内容,很多人认识到男女不平等是人类社会的文化产物,所以要求改变这种状况,需要改变的内容是多方面的,不限于政治方面,因此选A。
5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat__
A)genderisrelatedtothebiologicalnatureofhumansratherthantotheirsocialnature
B)sexisrelatedtothesocialnatureofhumanbeingsratherthantotheirbiologicalnature
C)culturallyapprovedactivitiesandfeaturesarenotsocialinnature
D)culturallyapprovedactivitiesandfeaturesaresocialinnature
5.D推理分析:
词句线索。
本题的考点在第二段第四句“Inotherwords.theconceptappliesnottobiologicalcharacteristicsbuttopurelysocialones,suchasdifferencesinhairstyles,clothingpatterns,occupationalroles,andother
culturallyapprovedactivitiesandfeatures.”根据该句中otherculturallyapprovedactivities可知前面提到的社会内容与后面的文化内容都属于文化范畴,即社会和文化两者之间是相通的,因此D。
2.教育
ModernBritishsocietyisaclasssociety.Thenumberofclassesinaclasssystemandtheexactboundariesbetweentheclassesarealwaysamatterofsomedebate.Mostobserverswouldprobablyagree,however,thatthecountryhasaverysmallupperclassconsistingmostlyoffamiliesthathavebeenwealthyforsomegenerations;asmalluppermiddleclassconsistingofprofessionalsandothermorerecentlywealthypeople;afairlylargelowermiddleclasscontainingskilledwhitecollarworkers;andalargeworkingclasscontainingsomewhatmorethanhalfofthetotalpopulation.
Apartfromtheinheritance(继承)ofwealth,theprincipalmechanismformaintainingtheclasssystemiseducation.Approximately5percentofthenation'schildrenattendwhatarecalled"public"schoolsbutarenot.Theyareprivate,withveryhighfees,andmostofthemaresingle-sex(男女分开的)boardingschools(寄宿学校).Childrenoftheupperclassesshareacommonexperienceintheseschoolsandbenefitfromtheirsuperioracademicfacilities.Attendanceattheseschoolsgivesgreatadvantageslaterinlife.Nolessthaneighteenformerpupilsofthemostfamousprivateschool,Eton,havebecomeprimeministers,andasrecentlyasthesixties,halfofthemembersofthecabinetcamefromthisoneschoolalone.
Thepatternisrepeatedatthecollegelevel.Twouniversities,OxfordandCambridge,enjoyfargreaterfamethantheothers,andabouthalfoftheirstudentscomefromtheprivateschools.GraduatesofOxfordandCambridgeareverydisproportionately(不成比例地)representedattheupperlevelsofBritishsocietyanddominatepolitics,law,thechurch,themedia,corporations,andthecivilservice(文职人员;(军队以外的全部)行政机构).Thecountry'selitemaintainsitscontactsthroughexclusive(排外的)men'sclubsandformswhatisknowninGreatBritainas"theestablishment(权势集团)"or"themagiccircle(魔术圈)".
本文介绍了英国社会中的阶级划分,认为维持这种阶级系统的机制除了财富之外,还有教育。
然后,作者具体分析了中小学和大学的情况对自己的观点加以阐释。
1.MostobserversthinkthatBritishsocietyconsistsofclasses.
A)threeB)fourC)sixD)five
1.B细节理解:
词句理解。
第一段提到四个阶级:
upperclass(上层阶级),
uppermiddleclass(中上层阶级),lowermiddleclass(中下层阶级),working
class(工人阶级)。
因此正确答案为B,
2.Accordingtothetext,theuppermiddleclassismadeupofpeoplewho____
A)havebeenwealthyforsomegenerations
B)areskilledwhite-collarworkers
C)areprofessionalsandothermorerecentlywealthyones
D)areblue-collarworkers
2.C细节理解:
词句理解和信息分类。
第一段谈到四个阶级时提到,上层阶级是财产世袭的富有阶级,中上层阶级包括医生、律师等职业人员以及其他最近变富的人,中下层阶级包括有技术的白领工人,工人阶级包括占人口大多数的一般工人,也就是蓝领工人。
因此不难确定答案选C。
3.Accordingtothepassage,
A)publicschoolsinBritainchargehighfeesbutprovidepooreducation
B)publicschoolsinBritainareactuallyprivateschools
C)only10percentofchildrencangotopublicschools
D)childrenareusuallyboredinprivateschoolsinBritain
3.B细节理解:
词句理解。
本题的考点在第二段,根据该段第二、三、四句可知,此处所提及的学校通常是住宿学校(boardingschools),费用高,教育质量也高,只有5%的儿童能到私立学校上学。
利用排除法,可以排除A,C,D三项,因此答案选B。
publicschool(英)私立学校(美)公立学校
4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
A)abouthalfofthestudentsofOxfordandCambridgearefromprivateschools
B)allofthestudentsofOxfordandCambridgearefromprivateschools
C)only10percentofchildrencangotopublicschools
D)onecanclimbuptothelowermiddleclassortheuppermiddleclassthroughEducation
4.D推理分析:
条件分析。
根据文章的要点,维持英国阶级社会的两大因素是财富和教育,通过推理可知依靠财富可以爬到中下层和中上层阶级,但爬不到上层阶级。
另外,文章第三段说剑桥和牛津大学大约一半的学生来
自私立学校,由此可知一般老百姓的孩子也有可能进入这样的名牌大学,并由此改变自己的阶级地位,同时,根据第三段第三句“GraduatesofOxfordandCambridgeareverydisproportionatelyrepresentedattheupperlevelsofBritishsociety”中的disproportionately(不成比例地)也可推导出同样的结论,答案选D。
A项是明说的内容,不需要推理。
B,C项内容文中无出处。
5.TheeducationalsysteminBritain
A)isoneofthetwomainwaysofkeepinguptheclasssysteminBritain
B)isalmosttotallyrunfortheupperclass
C)hastrainedalargernumberofcabinetmembers
D)hasofferedequalopportunitiesforalltheclasses
5.A大意理解:
主题句。
本题的考点在第二、三段。
根据第二段的第一句
“ApartfromtheinheritanceOfwealth,theprincipalmechanismformaintainingtheclasssystemiseducation.(除了财富的继承之外,维持该阶级制度的主要机制是教育。
)”可知,正确答案选A。
3.环境保护
环境保护属于热门话题,这类文章在各种级别的考试中都是经常被采用,可以看出,垃圾处理、农业中使用的各种化学产品、装修污染、大气的各种排放、自然资源的开发和利用、动植物和生态环境的保护以及地震、雪崩、飓风、海啸、臭氧层、厄尔尼诺现象等自然灾害现象都是阅读试题的热门题材,我们应当加以注意。
Ecology(生态学)isthescienceoftherelationshipbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironments.Itemergedasanaturalscienceinthelatenineteenthcenturyandisstillprimarilythefieldofbiologistsandzoologists(动物学家).Inthetwentiethcentury,however,socialscientistshavesystematicallyappliedecologicalprinciplestothestudyofhumansocietiesandpopulations.
Anthropologists(人类学家)havefoundtheecologicalapproachausefulmeansofanalyzingculturalarrangements.Thelivingmethodsthatasocietyusestoexploititsenvironment___hunting,gathering,agricultureorindustrialism(产业主义,工业制度)—haveimportanteffectsonsocialstructureandculture.Inparticular,themethodstronglyaffectsthesizeofapopulation.Ifallsocietiesstillreliedonhuntingandgatheringfortheirexistence,worldpopulationwouldhaveleveledoff(呈平稳状态)ataround10millionpeople.Buttheindustrialmodeofproductionpermitsasmallpartofthepopulationtofeedtherestandthusmakeshighpopulationgrowthratespossible.Ifthismethodforexploitingtheenvironmentwereforanyreasontobecomedifficultorimpossible,socialdisorganization(
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