第二章全部教案.docx
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第二章全部教案.docx
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第二章全部教案
Distress,UrgencyandSafetyCommunications
2.1GMDSSGENERALPROVISIONS总则
为了完善新系统,并且使新的遇险安全系统更为有效,当时制订了一系列新规章,当时主要体现在ITU“无线电规则”新九章的制订。
要求:
GMDSS船舶,遵守ITUNIX
非GMDSS船舶,遵守ITUIX
规定了诸如:
呼叫程序、频率、发射、调制的种类等等。
但是,涉及遇险时有例外情况。
【GlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem(GMDSS)wassetuptoprovideaninternationalcommunicationsnetworktoassistvesselsindistress.Alldistresscommunicationsinthemaritimemobileservicebyradiotelephony,digitalselectivecallingandsatellitewhetherand/ordirectprintingtelegraphy(telex),mustbeconductedstrictlyinaccordancewiththecorrectprocedures.Thisensuresthatvesselsindistressobtainhelpwithoutdelay.ShipsequippedforandoperatingunderGMDSSconditionsareobligedtocomplywithchapterNIXoftheITURadioRegulations.Someprovisionsofthischapteralsoapplytotheaeronauticalmobileserviceexceptinthecaseofspecialarrangementsbetweenthegovernmentsconcerned.However,stationsofthemaritimemobileservicewhenequippedtoconformtochapterIXoftheITURadioRegulations,shallcomplywiththeprovisionsofthatchapter.】
只要涉及到海上移动业务,NIX即可生效:
船对船
船对航空器
【TheproceduresspecifiedinchapterNIXoftheITURadioRegulationsareobligatoryinthemaritimemobilesatelliteserviceandforcommunicationsbetweenstationsonboardaircraftandstationsofthemaritimemobilesatelliteservice,whereverthisserviceorstationsofthisservicearespecificallymentioned.
TheInternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea(SOLAS),1974,prescribeswhichshipsandwhichoftheirsurvivalcraftshallbeprovidedwithradioequipment,andwhichshipsshallcarryportableradioequipmentforuseinsurvivalcraft.
Althoughtheproceduresareobligatoryforallstationsusingcommunicationsinthemaritimemobileandmaritimemobilesatelliteservicetheydoallow:
(a)MobileEarthStations(MESs)indistresstouseanymeansattheirdisposaltoattractattention,makeknowntheirpositionandobtainhelp;
(b)Anystationswhethermobile(ship/aircraft)orlandstationsorcoaststationsinvolvedinsearchandrescuedutiestouse,inexceptionalcircumstances,anymeansattheirdisposaltoassistamobilestationoramobileearthstationindistress;
(c)Anyland(orcoaststation)orLESmayuse,inexceptionalcircumstances,anymeansattheirdisposaltoassistamobilestationorMESindistress.】
遇险报发送时的基本要求:
【Whentransmittingdistress,urgencyorsafetymessagesbyradiotelephony,transmissionsshouldbemadeslowlyanddistinctlywithclearpronunciation.TheuseoftheInternationalCodeofSignalsisrecommended,includingtheuseofabbreviationsandthephoneticalphabet,particularlyinsituationswherelanguagedifficultiesexist.
Mobilestationsmaycommunicatewithaircraftforsafetypurposes,buttheymustusetheapprovedfrequenciesandobservethecorrectprocedures.AircraftwhicharerequiredbynationalorinternationalregulationstocommunicatewithmaritimemobilestationsforsafetypurposesmustcomplywithGMDSSprovisions.ThereforeuntilthefullimplementationofGMDSS,theymustbeabletotransmitandreceive:
(a)ClassJ3Eemissionsoncarrierfrequencies2182kHzand4125kHz;
J3E:
抑制载波的单边带电话
(b)ClassG3EemissionsonChannel16VHFandoptionallyChannel6VHF.
G3E:
调频电话】
2.1.1Distressfrequencies
卫星系统
遇险频率
地面系统∨
为了保障遇险通信的可靠性,在ITUNIX中分配了一系列遇险和安全频率。
特点(地面系统):
1)主要的呼叫方式:
数字选择性呼叫技术。
2)主要的后续通信方式:
电话、电传。
3)主要的工作方式:
单工单频
【WithinGMDSSanumberoffrequenciesarespecificallyallocatedfordistresscommunicationpurposesdependingonthecommunicationmediumbeingused.Thesefrequenciesshouldbeusedbyships,aircraftorsurvivalcraftwhenseekingassistanceinthemaritimemobileservice.Theyshouldbeusedforthedistresscallanddistresstrafficandforcallsprecededbyeithertheurgencysignalorthesafetysignal.】
DSC,radiotelephoneandtelexdistressandsafetyfrequenciesarelistedbelow.
Band
DSC
RT
Telex
MF
2187.5kHz
2182kHz
2174.5kHz.
HF/4Mhz
4207.5kHz
4125kHz
4177.5kHz
HF/6Mhz
6312kHz
6215kHz
6268kHz
HF/8Mhz
8414.5kHz
8291kHz
8376.5kHz
HF/12Mhz
12577kHz
12290kHz
12520kHz
HF/16Mhz
16804.5kHz
16420kHz
16695kHz
VHF
Channel70
Channel16
4125KHZ:
船和航空器之间的通信频率
Thefrequency4125kHzmaybeusedbyaircraftengagedinsearchandrescue(SAR)operationsfordistress/safetycommunicationstostationsinthemaritimemobileservice.
2182KHZ:
船对船、船对航空器的遇险和安全频率;
兼作海事移动业务中的呼叫回答频率
2182kHzisusedastheinternationaldistressandsafetyfrequencyandalsoforinternationalcallandreplyatthepresenttime.HoweverwiththefullimplementationofGMDSS2182kHzislikelytobeusedexclusivelyfordistressandsafetypurposes.
3023,5680KH:
航空器电台和岸基电台的通信频率
Theaeronauticalfrequencies3023kHzand5680kHzareusedforintercommunicationpurposesbetweenmobilestationsandtoparticipatinglandstationsduringcoordinatedSARoperations.
2.1.2Aeronauticalfrequencies
航空器紧急频率:
121.5MHz,既是航空器的紧急甚高频无线电话频率,也是海事移动业务中卫星示位标频率之一。
2.1.3GMDSSVHFChannelusage
Channel6VHF
1)搜救协调通信:
船←→航空器
2)为了航行安全目的:
船←→航空器
3)国内船舶:
船舶之间的操纵、避让,中国沿海或有类似规定的沿岸航行时必须守听。
【UsedforcommunicationbetweenshipsandaircraftforcoordinatedSARoperations.Mayalsobeusedbyaircrafttocommunicatetoshipsforsafetypurposes.
Channel13VHF
国际航行船舶:
船舶之间的操纵、避让
Usedforshiptoshipcommunicationrelatingtosafetyofnavigation.
Channel16VHF
遇险和安全频率,兼顾呼叫与回答
UsedfordistressandsafetytrafficonRT,mayalsobeusedbyaircraftforsafetypurposes.
Channel70VHF
ITU专门分配的VHF-DSC通信频率
UsedasaDSCdistressandsafetycallingchannelinthemaritimemobileservice.】
2.1.4Satelliteservice
卫星通信
卫星
1.6G1.5G4G6G
陆地地球站
船舶地球站
PSDNPSTN
1530—1544Mhz下行频率常规、遇险、安全通信
1544--1545Mhz下行频率遇险、安全通信
1626.5—1645.5Mhz行频率常规、遇险、安全通信
1645.5—1646.5Mhz上行频率遇险、安全通信
2.1.5Survivalcraft救生艇的相关频率
历史:
GMDSS实施以前,救生艇电台以MORSE模式,工作在500KHz和RT模式工作在2182KHz。
Survivalcraftusingequipmentforemergencyradiocommunication,locationoralertingsignalshavetocomplywithcertainconditions:
TWO-WAYVHF:
CH16和至少其他另外一个频率
【(a)WhereportableVHFRTequipmentoperatingintheallocatedband(156-174MHz)isused,itmustbeabletotransmitandreceiveonChannel16andatleastoneotherchannelinthisband.】
SART:
9,200MHz----9,500MHz
【(b)RadarSearchandRescueTransponders(SARTs)transmittinglocatingsignalsmustbeabletooperateinthefrequencyband9200-9500MHz(3cm.orX-band).】
DSC:
甚高频波段CH70
高频8414.5MHz
中频2187.5MHz
【(c)Digitalselectivecallingequipmentifcapableofoperatingontheindicatedbandsmustbeabletotransmiton:
(i)2187.5kHzintheband1605-2850kHz;
(ii)8414.5kHzinthebands4000-27500kHz;
(iii)Channel70VHFintheband156-174MHz.】
2.1.6Protectionofdistressfrequencies频率的保护
【Itisimperative(重要)thatdistressandsafetycommunicationsmaintainthebestpossibleintegrityandthedistressandsafetyfrequenciesareprotectedfromharmfulinterference,harmfulinterferencebeinginterferencewhichputsatrisktheoperationofsafetyservicesorradionavigationservicesorseriouslydegrades,obstructs,orrepeatedlyinterruptsanyradiocommunicationservices.Thereforetoprotectdistressintegrityandtopreventharmfulinterferenceitisabsolutelyforbiddentobroadcastorcauseharmfulinterferencebyanyemissionsonanyfrequencyespeciallythoseallocatedtodistressworking.】
例:
14156.700
0.05MHz74156.725
150.05MHz156.750
0.05MHz75保护频带
160.05MHz156.800
0.05MHz76保护频带
170.05MHz156.850
77156.875
分析:
伴随通信技术的发展,频道之间的距离允许设置得较小,从最初的0.05MHZ发展成为0.025MHZ,节省了大量的频率资源。
但是,为了保证遇险通信的有序进行,CH16信道上下未做扩展,设置为保护频道,即:
156.800+0.025MHZ作为保护频道。
为进一步保护该信道,ITU的“NIX”决定,禁止在
156.800+(0.025X1.5)=156.7625~~~156.8375MHZ
2.1.7Transmittertests发射测试
【Testtransmissionsshouldonlybemadewhenabsolutelynecessaryandbekepttoaminimumtoavoidharmfulinterferenceespeciallyonthedistressandsafetyfrequencies.Wheneverpracticable,artificialaerials(假负载)shouldbeusedbutwhereaerialsdohavetobeusedtestsshouldbeconductedonlowpowerandcoordinatedwithcompetentauthorities.Testingondistressandsafetycallingfrequenciesshouldbeavoided.Testingstationsmustalwaysidentifythemselvesandmakeitcleartheyaresendingatesttransmission.Beforemakingatestoperatorsshouldlistenonthefrequencytobeusedtoensurethatnodistressorsafetycommunicationsareinprogress.】
2.1.8GMDSSwatchkeepingarrangements
GMDSS的执守
2.1.9Watchkeeping:
alertcalls
SomeHFcoaststationsofferawatchfacilityontheHFDSCsafetyfrequenciesforGMDSSseaareasA3andA4are
AsperRegulation12ofChapterIVoftheAmendmentstothe1974SOLASConvention(concerningradiocommunicationsforGMDSS),everyship,whileatsea,shallmaintainacontinuouswatch:
(a)onDSCChannel70VHF,iftheship,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofregulation7.1.2(oftheamendmentstothe1974SOLASConvention),isfittedwithaVHFradioinstallation;
(b)onthedistressandsafetyDSCfrequencyof2187.5kHz,iftheship,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofregulation9.1.2or10.1.3(oftheamendmentstothe1974SOLASConvention),isfittedwithanMFradioinstallation;
(c)onthedistressandsafetyDSCfrequenciesof2187.5kHzand8414.5kHzandatleastoneoftheotherHFDSCfrequencies(4207.5,6312,12577or16804.5kHz),thefrequencychosenwillbeappropriatetotheship'spositionandtimeofday,iftheship,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofregulation10.2.2or11.1(oftheamendmentstothe1974SOLASConvention),isfittedwithanMF/HFradioinstallation.Thiswat
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