A concise history of English literature.docx
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A concise history of English literature.docx
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AconcisehistoryofEnglishliterature
AconcisehistoryofEnglishliterature
HistoricalBackground—originofpeople,bloodandlanguage(I)
1.Briton(primitive).
2.55B.C.JuliusCaesar,RomanConquest(78AD-410AD),London.
3.Invasionofswarmsofpirates.Threetribes:
Angles,SaxonsandJutes.
HistoricalBackground—originofpeople,bloodandlanguage(II)
⏹Saxons–southernpartwithkingdomslikeWessex,EssexandSussex.
⏹Jutes—Kent,southeasterncorneroftheisland.
⏹Angles–eastmidlandwithkingdomofEastAnglia.
⏹4.7thcentury,aunitedkingdomEngland.Language:
Anglo-Saxon,orOldEnglish.
HistoricalBackground—originofpeople,bloodandlanguage(III)
⏹5.Anglo-Saxonperiod:
transitionfromtribalsocietytofeudalism.
⏹6.From787-1013,DanishVikings.KingAlfredtheGreat’sAnglo-SaxonChronicle.
⏹7.FrenchspeakingNorman,DukeWilliamatHastings-EstablishmentofFeudalism.
HistoricalBackground—originofpeople,bloodandlanguage(IV)
⏹OriginalBritons+Angles/Saxons/Jutes+Danes+Normans=English
⏹Thus,theEnglishisamixedblood.
OldEnglishLiterature(I)
⏹Britonshadnowrittenlanguage.TheAdventuresofKingArthurandHisKnightsoftheRoundTable(aboutaCelticchieftain)
⏹Therefore,EnglishliteratureactuallybeganwiththeAnglo-SaxonsettlementinEngland.
OldEnglishLiterature(II)--Beowulf
⏹BeowulfisanationalepicofoldEnglish.
⏹Epicisanarrativepoemonthegrandscaleandinmajesticstyleconcerningtheexploitsandadventuresofasuperhumanhero(orheroes)engagedinaquestorsomeseriousendeavor.
Majorcharacteristicsofepic
⏹1avastsettingremoteintimeandplace,
⏹2anobleanddignifiedobjective,
⏹3asimpleplot,
⏹4acentralincident(orseriesofincidents)dealingwithlegendarymaterial,
⏹5athemeinvolvinguniversalhumanproblems,
⏹6atoweringheroofgreatstature,
⏹7superhumanstrengthofbody,characterormind,
⏹8supernaturalforcessuchasgod,angelsanddemons,interveningfromtimetotime.
OldEnglishLiterature(II)—Beowulf
⏹Itisalongpoemof3183lines.
⏹Ithasthreeepisodes:
⏹1.Thefightwiththemonster,Grendel
⏹2.ThefightwithGrendel’smother
⏹3.MortalcombatwiththeFireDragon,afterbeingthekingoftheGeatsfor50years.
OldEnglishLiterature(II)--Beowulf
⏹Itispart-historicalandpart-legendary.
⏹Importantfeatures:
⏹1.Alliteration.
⏹2.Useofmetaphorsandunderstatement.
⏹3.MixtureofpaganandChristianelements.
CommentuponBeowulf
1.Itclearlymirrorstheirideals—valor,theloveofglory,honor,andduty,theloyaltyoftheretainer,andthegenerosityofthelord.
2.Itportraysthedarkeremotions,grimscenery,vigorouspoweroftheseaandofbattle.
3.Itschiefsignificanceliesinthevividportrayalofagreatnationalhero,whoisbrave,courageous,selfless,andeverhelpfultohispeopleandhiskinsfolk.
Poetry—definition
Poetryisakindoflanguagesung,chantedorwritten.Itismorecondensedthanproseoreverydayspeech,ofteninvolvingvariationsofsyntax,specialuseofwordsandphrasespeculiartopoets,andamorefrequentandelaborateuseoffiguresofspeech,principallysimileandmetaphor.
Typesofpoetry
●Narrativeepic
●romance
●ballad
●Lyricsonnet
●elegy
●ode
●Dramaticdramaticmonologue
Devicesofpoetry
1.Simile2.Metaphor3.Personification4.Symbol
5.Conceit6.Paradox7.Ambiguity
Themes
1.Love2.Religion3.Philosophyandmorality4.History5.Society6.Nature7.Warandpeace8.Lifeandart
9.Mortalityandimmortality
EnglishLiteratureoftheLateMedievalAges
•TheOverviewofLiterature.
•
(1)Theromance.
•
(2)Theballad.
•(3)thesecondhalfofthe14thcentury:
Langland,Chaucer.
Romance
•Romance.ARomanceisalongcomposition,inverseorinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.Itgenerallyconcernsknightsandinvolvesalargeamountoffightingaswellasanumberofmiscellaneousadventuresandaseriesoflovestories.
•Balladisananonymousnarrativesong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandthefourthlinesrhymed.
QualitiesofBallad
•1,oraltransmissionandanunknownauthorship.
•2,balladstanza.
•3,thefrequentadoptionofrefrainsorrepetitionstoformmusicalechoes.
•4,asingleincidentisdramaticallytreatedbutnotinanarrativecontinuity.
•5,amultitudeofsubjectscoveringhistory,legends,wars,lovestories,familyaffairs,etc.
•6,simplewords,plainlanguageanddialogueareoftenusedintheverseline.
GeoffreyChaucer(II)—LiteraryCareer
1.ThefirstperiodistheFrenchinfluence(1359-1372)
2.ThesecondperiodreferstoItalianinfluence(1372-1386)
3.TheThirdperiodishismatureperiodoforiginalitywithoutforeigninfluence(1386-1400)—TheCanterburyTales.
GeoffreyChaucer(VI)—Language
1.Hislanguageisvividandexact.
2.Hisverseissmooth.
3.Hiswordsareeasytounderstand.
4.HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypes,especiallyiambicpentameter,i.e.heroiccouplet,toEnglishpoetry.
5.HemakescontributiontomakingthedialectofLondonthefoundationformodernEnglishlanguage.
Renaissance—EnglishRenaissance:
characteristics
1.Thelatenessofitsimpact.
2.IsolatedfromtheContinentresultsinitsindependence.
3.Thenativeliteratureassimilatesforeigninfluenceswithoutbeingsubjected.
4.TheEnglishRenaissanceisratherartisticratherthanphilosophicalandscholarly.
5.ThecoincidingoftheRenaissanceandthetheReformationofEngland.
Renaissance---Definition
Theword“Renaissance”means“rebirth”(oflearning).TheRenaissanceperiodwasmarkedbyareawakeningofinterestinlearning,intheindividualandintheworldofnature.TherevivaloflearningledscholarsbacktothecultureofGreeceandRome.Therebirthofinterestintheindividualgaverisetoanewappreciationofbeauty,toadesireforself-expressioninvariedactivitiesandtothecreationofgreatworksofart.Therenewalofcuriosityaboutthenaturalworldultimatelydrewmentodiscovernewlandsandnewscientifictruth.
RenaissanceStages
1.ThefirstperiodcalledthebeginningoftheRenaissancestartedin1516andcametoanendin1578.
2.ThesecondperiodknownasthefloweringtimeoftheRenaissancewasfrom1578to1625
3.Thethirdperiodbetween1625to1660istheepilogueoftheRenaissance.
Renaissance---Elizabethanliterature
1.Thegreatestandmostdistinctiveachievementisthedrama.
2.Nexttodramaisthelyricalpoetry,remarkableforitsfreshness,itsyouthfulnessanditsromanticfeeling.
3.ProseismarkedbyThomasMoreandFrancisBacon.
Humanism
Humanismwasaliteraryandphilosophicsystemofthoughtwhichattemptedtoplacetheaffairsofmankindatthecentreofitsconcerns.Accordingtohumanists,manshouldmouldtheworldaccordingtohisowndesires,andattainshappinessbyremovingallexternalchecksbytheexerciseofthehumanintellect.
ThomasMore(1478-1535)
(1)Life:
“Renaissanceman”,scholar,statesman,theorist,prosewriter,diplomat,patronofarts
•a.learnedGreekatCanterburyCollege,Oxford;
•b.studieslawatLincolnInn;
•c.LordChancellor;
•d.beheaded.
(3)thesignificanceofMore.
•a.itcreatedanationalprose,equallyadaptedtohandlingscientificandartisticmaterial.
•b.aelegantLatinscholarandthefatherofEnglishprose:
hecomposedworksinEnglish,translatedfromLatinintoEnglishbiography,wroteHistoryofRichardIII.
LiteraryCareerofShakespeare
Thefirstperiod:
1590-1594
Thesecondperiod:
1595-1600
Thethirdperiod:
1601-1608
Thefourthperiod:
1609-1612
MerchantofVenice
1.MajorCharacters2.Portia3.Bassanio4.Antonio5.Shylock
Comedy(III)–heroinesinShakespeare’scomedies
1.InShakespeare’scomedies,thereisanexpressionofhisequalitarianattitudetowardwomen.
2.Theseplaysshow,indifferentways,Shakespeare’srespectforthedignity,courage,independence,honesty,wit,determinationandresourcefulnessofwomen.
3.Theseheroinesareequalorevensuperiortomeninspeaking,thinkingandfeeling.
Hamlet
1.Majorcharacters2.Hamlet3.Claudius4.Gertrude
5.Horatio6.Polonius7.Ophelia8.Laertes
9.RosencrantzandGuildenstern10.Fortinbras
Soliloquy
Aformaldeviceusedbyadramaticcharacter,whoaloneonstage,revealsinspeechhisfeelings,thoughtsandmotivestotheaudience.Thetypicalsoliloquyiseitherapassionatespeech,givingventtotheimmediatepressureoffeelingatapointofcrisis,oradeliberativespeechinwhichaparticulardilemmaorchoiceofactionisdebatedorresolved.
Flatandroundcharacter
Flatcharactersaretwo-dimensionalinthattheyarerelativelyuncomplicatedandoftenarehaveverylittledetailsorbackgroundinformation.Bycontrast,roundcharactersarecomplexandoftenverydetailedwithlotsofbackgroundinformation
FeaturesofShakespeare’sdramaticworks
1.Shakespeareisarealistandisconsideredoneofthefoundersofrealism.
2.ThestoriesofShakespeare’splaysareclothedinforeigndresses.
3.Shakespeare’smaincharactersaredepictedintypicalsituationsandeachofthemisarepresentativeofagroupofmen.
4.Variousimagesareproducedwithpeculiarcombinationofmajesticandfunny,oftragicandcomic.
5.Shakespeareisagreatmasteroflanguage.
Sonnet
Asonnetisafourteen-linepoeminiambicpentameterwithacarefullypatternedrhymescheme.
sonnet
▪Petrarchansonnet
▪Shakespeareansonnet
▪Spenceriansonnet
TheFaerieQueene(1590-96)
Epicpoem,allegoricalromance
Unfinished
Heiscombiningallsortsofknowledge(humanism,neo-classicism,renaissanc
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