TOEFL Reading.docx
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TOEFL Reading.docx
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TOEFLReading
TOEFLReading
ParaphraseSnails
WalkingontheMoon
SchematicTableMosquitoes,HousefliesandtheSpreadofDisease
SquareSentenceInsertionComputerGeneratedImaging
WordsandPhrasesEucalyptusTree
HenryFord
ProseSummaryCancer
PlasticSurgery
DetailsEagles
InferenceSigmundFreud
Hurricanes
MainIdeaNationalProhibitionAct
Vocabulary
Paraphrase
Question:
Whichofthesentencesbelowbestparaphrasestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaningorleaveoutessentialinformation.
1.
Topic:
Snails
Onlyasmallfractionofsnailsaresuitableforeatingandthemostfamous,“escargots”comefromthecultivatedlandsnail.AnotherpopularvarietyofsnailistheabalonewhichisfoundinAsiaandtheStates.Formany,however,thesnailisagardenmenaceyetthesnail’simportantroleinthefoodchainsuggeststhatgardenersshouldthinktwicebeforeattemptingtoridtheirgardensofthem.
A.Peopleshouldimmediatelyremovesnailsformtheirgardenssincetheyareveryharmful.
B.Peopleshouldencouragethegrowthofthesnailpopulationintheirgardens.
C.Thesnailthreatenspeoplesopeopleshouldgetridofthemimmediately.
D.Peopleshouldnotremovesnailsfromtheirgardensconsideringitsimportance.
2.
Topic:
WalkingontheMoon
Onthe20thJuly1969,NeilArmstrongbecamethefirstmantowalkonthemoonanditwasthemostmonumentalfeatinmodernhistory.Hiswords“Thisisonesmallstepforman,onegiantleapformankind,”haveprobablybecomethemostfamouswordsoftheTwentiethCentury.
(1)SkepticshoweverrefusetobelievethatmansetfootontheMoonatallandarguethatthefilmfootagewastheultimatecameratrick.
In1962JohnF.KennedyannouncedthatAmericanwouldputamanonthemoonbytheendofthatdecade.OneyearbeforehoweverRussiahadalreadylaunchedrocketsandsentastronautsintospace.ThismeantthatAmericawasactuallylaggingbehindRussiawhotooktheleadinthesocalled“spacerace”.
(2)The“spacerace,”asitwascalled,betweentheUSSRandtheUnitedStatesembodiedtheColdWarandforoveradecade,thetwocountrieswereengagedinheatedcompetition.Theracebeganin1957whentheSovietUnionlaunchedthefirstartificialsatellite,Sputnik.Bothcountrieswantedtowintoprovetheirscientificsuperiorityandtoshowtheirmilitarystrength.
TheApolloprogrambeganin1963andwasdesignedtolandhumansontheMoonandbringthembacktoEarth.Duringitsnineyears,sixmissions(Apollo11,12,13,14,15,16,and17)landedatotaloftwelvemenonthemoon.Thefirsttolandamanonthemoon,Apollo11spacecraft,waslaunchedonJuly16,1969atoptheverypowerfulSaturnVrocket.IttookthreedaystoreachtheMoonbuthistorywasmadewhentheEagle,theApollo11landingmodule,toucheddownandNeilArmstrongbecamethefirsthumantowalkontheMoon.
(3)Theargumentthatitwasanelaboratetricktosavefaceandwinthespace-raceagainsttheRussiansliesmostlyinthestillphotographstheastronautsbroughtbackwiththem.Allofthephotographswereperfectlyfocusedandnonewereblurred.SkepticssaythatthiswouldbeimpossibletoachieveonthesurfaceoftheMoonespeciallysincenoneofthecamerastheastronautsusedhadanyspecialadaptationstodealwiththespecialconditionsoftheMoon’satmosphere.Alsoitseemedthatthefilmwasunaffectedbyradiationwhichundernormalcircumstancesmightdamagethefilm.
Probablythemostcompellingargumentisthefactthattheywereabletoadjusttheircamerasandtakepictureswheninrealityitshouldhavebeenalmostimpossibletoliftafinger.Andinthepictures,therewereshadowsattheplacewheretheironlylightsourcewasthesunandtherewerenototherpowerfulspotlight.SkepticsarguethattheApollofilmsthatweweretoldwerefilmedontheMoonwarnotgenuinebutfake.(4)TobackuptheirargumenttheysaythatevidencesuggeststhatinsteadoftravelingtotheMoon’ssurface,astronautsstayedwithintheEarth’smagneticfield.Theothersideofthisargumentsuggeststhatbecausetheastronautspassedthroughthebeltassucharapidspeed,theyspentlessthan15minutesinthedangerzonewhichmeansthatexposureoverthatamountoftimewouldhavebeenabout1percentofafatalradiationdose,notcompletelysafebutsurvivable.
(5)Eventhoughskepticsmayarguethatthephotographscouldhavebeenaforgery,thephotographsweren’ttheonlyevidencethatastronautsbroughtbackwiththem.AsevidenceoftheirtriptoMoon,theApolloastronautsbroughtabout900poundsofMoonrocktoEarth.ScientistssaythattheMoonrocksprovideabsoluteproofthattheastronautsdidlandontheMoonbecauseMoonrocksareuniqueanddifferfromEarthrocksinmanyrespects.(6)Also,commonsubstancessuchasclaymineralsincludinglimestoneandglassforexamplethatareubiquitousonEartharetotallyabsentontheMoon.
Stilltoday,manyyearslater,whetherornotmanwalkedontheMoonisstillacontroversialargumentbutananswermightbejustaroundthecorner.Europeanscientificastronomershaveannouncedthattheywillusethelatest,andmostpowerful,telescopeevermadetosearchforequipmentNASAastronautsleftontheMoon.TheVeryLargeTelescope(VLT)iscapableofimagingahumanhairfrom16kilometersawayanditishopedthatitwillprovidevisualconfirmationofoneormoreofthesixlunarmodulesthatlandedontheMoon.
(1)
A.Forsomereason,somescientistsdon’tbelievethatmanreallylandedontheMoonatall.
B.SomepeoplebelievethattheastronautsdidorbittheMoonbutdidn’tactuallywalkonitssurface.
C.MandidwalkontheMoonanditwasnotanelaboratehoaxmadebytechniciansandfilmproducers.
D.SomepeoplebelievethattechniciansputtogetherconvincingfilmoftheMoonlandings.
(2)
A.AmericaandRussiawereengagedinheatedbattleduringtheColdWarandwantedtooutdoeachotherbygettingtotheMoonfirst.
B.Thespaceracelastedformuchlongerthanadecadeduringwhichtimebothcountriesfoughtferociously.
C.Forlittlemorethan10yearsRussiaandAmericatriedtosabotageeachother’sattemptstogettotheMoonfirst.
D.ThroughouttheColdWarperiod,bothcountrieswantedtoprovetheirsuperioritybylandingontheMoon.
(3)
A.ThephotographstheastronautsbroughtbackwiththemprovethattheMoonlandingdidnotactuallyhappen.
B.AmericawassodesperatetobeattheRussiansthattheyputtogetheranelaboratehoax.
C.SomepeoplesaythephotographsprovethatAmericawasdeterminedtowinthespaceraceatanycost.
D.Americawasdesperatetowintheracethatitfalsifiedthelandingandthiscanbeprovenbythepictures.
(4)
A.MancouldnothavetraveledtotheMoonbecauseitwasimpossibletoachieveduringthattimeandfartoodangeroustoattempt.
B.AftertravelingtotheMoon’ssurface,astronautscamebacktotheEarth.
C.AstronautsdidnotvisittheMoonbuttraveledwithintheEarth.
D.TheEarth’smagneticfielddisturbedastronauts’plantovisittheMoon.
(5)
A.ThephotographscannotprovethatmanwenttotheMoonbecausetheycouldhavebeeneasilybeenforged.
B.ThereisnootherevidencetoprovethatmanwenttoMoonsoitmusthavebeenforged.
C.TheMoonrocksprovebeyondashadowofadoubtthatmanwenttotheMoon.
D.ThephotographscannotproveconclusivelythatmanwenttotheMoonbuttheydidbringbackotherevidence.
(6)
A.Limestoneandglasscanbeeasilyfoundinbothplaces.
B.ThechemicalstructuresofMoonandEarthrocksarethesame.
C.EarthmineralssuchasclaycanalsobefoundontheMoon.
D.ThechemicalstructurethatmakesupEarthrocksisnotpresentinMoonrocks.
SchematicTable
Question:
Direction:
Completethetablebymatchingtheclausesbelow.
Directions:
Selecttheappropriateclausesfromtheanswerchoicesandmatchthemto______towhichtheyrelate.TWOoftheanswerchoiceswillNOTbeused.Thisquestionisworth4points.
1.
Topic:
Mosquitoes,HousefliesandtheSpreadofDisease
Manyinsectscarrydiseasesbuttheinsectresponsibleformalariaisthemosquito.Malariaiscausedbymicroscopic,single-celledparasitesthatenterthehumanbodyandeventuallydestroyalargenumberofredbloodcells.Theparasitesaretransmittedtohumansbythefemalemosquito.Whatmakesthemosquitoparticularlyefficientbloodsuckersareitssharpmouthpartsthatcutthroughskin,findacapillaryandthensuckupthebloodthroughatubularstructurecalledthelabrum.Buttopreventthebloodfromclottinganddisturbingthefeedbyblockingthelabrum,themosquitoinjectsasubstancethroughanothertubularstructurecalledthehypopharynx.Asthemosquitotakesbloodforitsfee,atthesametimeitinjectstheparasitesresponsibleformalariaintoitsnewvictim.
Butifscientistscouldfindsomewaytopreventmosquitoesfrombitinghumans,malariawouldceasetobeaproblem.Thecurrentmethodsofcontrollingthedisease,apartfromdrugsthatkilltheparasiteintheblood,concentrateoneliminatingthemosquito.Spraysareusedtoattackmosquitoesthatremaineffectiveonthewallsoftypicalmosquitodwellingsformanymonths.
Themosquitolivesonlandbutthelarvaeandpupaeliveinwater.Thefemalemosquitolayshereggsinwatersuchasponds,ditches,puddlesorevendiscardedtincans,basicallyanykindofcontainerwithenoughwaterforthelarvaetohatch.Thewaterhastobestillorstatictoallowthelarvaetoliveforaperiodoftimeafterwhichiteventuallymergesandfliesaway,readytoinfectanotherlivingorganism.
Knowledgeofthemosquitolifecyclecanhowev
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