定语从句教案.docx
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定语从句教案.docx
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定语从句教案
定语从句(Attributiveclause)学案
一、定义:
定语从句(TheAttributiveClause)或称为形容词从句。
定语从句在句子中作定语,用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。
被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词;在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。
引导词可分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。
二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
(1)限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
Hehastwosons,whoworkinthesamecompany.(Hehasonlytwosons)他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司工作。
(非限制性定从)
Hehastwosonswhoworkinthesamecompany.(Perhapshehasmorethantwosons.)他有两个在同一家公司里工作的儿子。
(限制性定从)
(2)非限定性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数;例如:
HeseemsnottohavecaughtwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没理解我的意思,这使我心烦。
★★说明:
在非限定性定语从句中:
关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限定性定语从句。
关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不省略。
三、关系代词和关系副词
关系代词
例 句
That
在从句中做主语或宾语
指物
It’saquestionthatneedscarefulconsideration.
Thehouse(that)theybuiltin1990stayedupintheearthquake.
指人
Thegirl(that)wesawyesterdayisTom’ssister
Which
在从句中做主语或宾语
指物
Theyneededaplantwhichdidn'tneedasmuchwaterasrice.
Thefarm(which)wevisitedyesterdayislocatedinthesuburbofBeijing.
Who,whom
在从句中分别作主语或宾语
指人
Heisthemanwhowantstoseeyou.作主语
Themantowhomyouspokewasascientist.作宾语
Whose
在从句中作定语
指人或物
Edisonisagreatinventorwhosefameisworld-wide.
Pleasepassmethebookwhose cover(=ofwhichthecover/thecoverofwhich)isgreen.
★注意:
当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。
关系副词
例 句
When指时间
ThedaycameatlastwhenIwenttocollege.
Where指地点
IvisitedtheschoolwhereIstudiedwhenIwasachild.
Why指原因
Thereasonwhyhefailedintheraceisthathefellontotheground.
★注意:
关系副词里面没有how。
四、定语从句考点:
考点一:
that和which的选择
(1)that指物时一般可以与which互换,但在下列情况引导词只用that,不用which。
①当先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时,如:
a.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
b.Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.
②先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,few,much,theonly,thevery,thelast,修饰时:
I’vereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.
③先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被它们修饰时。
Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.
Thisisthefirstcomposition(that)hehaswritteninEnglish.
④当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时,这个定语从句要用that而不用who(whom)和which引导。
如:
Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschools(that)hehadvisited.
⑤先行词是疑问词who,which,what时,定语从句用that而不用who,(whom)和which引导
a.Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?
b.Whichofusthatknowssomethingaboutphysicsdoesnotknowthis?
c.Whatthatisonthetablebelongstome?
⑥当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词在从句中也作表语时,
Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe.
(2)只用which的情况
①在非限制性定语从句中,只用which,不用that.
Theweatherturnedouttobegood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.
②当动词短语中的介词提前时,只用which,不用that.
ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.
考点二:
as与which引导的定语从句
1.在句型thesame…as…,such…as…,as…as…,so…as…中,定语从句引导词一般用as。
(1)Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.
(2).ThisisthesamebookasIlentyouyesterday.
(3)Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.
2.先行词是主句的整个内容,如果定语放主句后,即可用as也可用which引导.
(1)Hefailedintheexam,as(=which)isnatural.
(2)Sheseemsascientist,as(=which)infactsheis.
(3)Grammarisnotadeadrule,which(=as)Ihavesaidbefore.
3.如果从句在主句前,这时要用as而不用which引导。
如:
Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.
=Themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth,asisknowntoeverybody.
=Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(主语从句)
=Whatisknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(表语从句)
4.as代表前面主句意思时,有“正如…”之意,而which没有此意思,从句中的动词常是expect,know,see,think,want,suppose等。
(1)Hewonthematch,aswehadexpected.
(2)Heagreedtotheplan,aswastobeexpected.
(3)Thepolicewerelookingforhim,ashethought.
5.as在从句中作主语时,后面常接行为动词的被动语态,如beknown,besaid,bereported等,如从句中行为动词是主动语态,一般要用which作主语。
(1)Shehasbeenlateagain,aswasexpected.
(2)Tomhasmadegreatprogress,whichmadeushappy.
6.当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时,只能用which引导。
Bettyalwaystellsalie,whichherparentsfindstrange.
7.当非限制性定语从句为否定句时,常用which引导。
Mr.SmithusuallypraiseshisstudentRoseinpublic,whichshedoesn’tlikeatall.
考点三:
如何判定用关系代词还是用关系副词
关系代词与关系副词的选用,应看引导词在定语从句中充当什么成分;
1)若作状语,就用where,when,why等关系副词
2)若作主语、宾语或定语,则用关系代词who/that/which、whom/which、whose等。
3)当定语从句中缺少先行词时,应加补先行词theone;
(1)a.Thereasonwhyhemissedthespeechisthatheforgotthetime.
b.Thereason(which/that)hegaveussoundedreasonable.
(2)a.I’llneverforgetthedays(which/that)wespenttogetherinParis.
b.I’llrememberthedaywhenwestayedtogether.
(3)a.Isthisthefactory(which/that)wevisitedlastyear?
b.IsthisthehousewhereLincolnoncelived?
c.Isthishousetheone(that)wevisitedlastyear?
考点四:
关系代词前介词的确定
1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系。
e.g.Isthatthenewspaperforwhichyouoftenwritearticles?
2.根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配,如:
e.g.CanyouexplaintomehowtousetheseidiomsaboutwhichI’mnotsure.
3.根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯,请体会:
e.g.1949wastheyearinwhichtheP.R.C.wasfounded.
4.非限制性定与从句中,要表示先行词的一部分时,可用“数词/代词+of+关系代词”的结构,如:
e.g.Thereare50studentsinourclass,two-thirdsofwhomhavebeentoBeijing.
5.Whose从句可转换为“of+关系代词”型,如:
e.g.Theyliveinahouse,whosedooropenstothesouth.
=Theylivedinahouse,ofwhichthedooropenstothesouth.
=Theylivedinahouse,thedoorofwhichopenstothesouth.
6.关系副词when,where,why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。
如:
when=in/on/at…+which,where=in/on/at…+which,why=for+which介词的位置非常灵活,有时放在关系代词之前,有时放在动词之后。
1).Iwon’tforgetthedatewhen(onwhich)Iwasborn.
2).Thisistheroomwhere(inwhich)Ilived.
=ThisistheroomwhichIlivedin.
3).Idon’tknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)hehaven’tcometoday.
4).Tomstillremembersthedayswhen(in/duringwhich)theylivedinTianjin.
考点五:
定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式
当定语从句中的关系代词在从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数的方面应该与先行词保持一致.
1.TheGreatWallisoneoftheworld-famousbuildingsthatattractlotsofvisitors.
2.TheGreatWallistheonlyoneofthebuildingsontheearththatisseenfromthemoon.
3.I,whoamyourteacher,willtrymybesttohelpyou.
考点六:
way和time后接定语从句的情况:
1.当先行词是way,且意为“方式、方法”时且关系词在从句中作状语时,引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。
如:
(04湖北)Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuttheway(inwhich/that/不填)hesaidit.
注意:
下面两个句子中的关系词的不同,试比较:
Theway(that/which/不填)heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.他向我们解析的那种方法很简单。
Theway(that/inwhich/不填)heexplainedthesentencetouswasdifficulttolearn.他向我们解析句子的那种方法很难学到。
2.当先行词是time时,若time做“次数”讲,关系词应用that,且可以省略。
如time做“一段时间”讲,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。
Icouldn’thardlyrememberhowmanytimes(that)Ihavefailed.
Thiswasatatimewhen/duringwhichtherewerenoradios,notelephonesornoTVsets.
考点七:
先行词是表示抽象时间和抽象地点概念的定语从句
1.当先行词是case、point、situation、condition、position、stage、activity、job、sport、career等表示抽象地点、地步、环境、形势等含义的名词时,我们常使用关系副词where。
(1)Wearejusttryingtoreachapointwherebothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.
(2)Footy,whichisshortforAustralianrulesfootball,isamixofsoccerandrugby,asportwhereplayersholdtheballandrunwithit.
2.当先行词为occasion时,我们通常使用关系副词when
OccasionsarequiterarewhenIhavethetimetospendadaywithmykids.
考点八:
定语从句与其他句型的区别
1.定语从句与并列句的区别
定语从句与并列句的主要区别为:
定语从句一般都是用关系代词或关系副词引起,而并列句用but,so,and等表示转折、因果、并列关系的连词或分号连接。
例如:
①Theyputforwardalotofplansatthemeeting,noneofwhichwerecarriedoutintheirwork.
②Theyputforwardalotofplansatthemeeting,butnoneofthemwerecarriedoutintheirwork.
2.定语从句与状语从句的区别
(1)where引导定语从句时,前面一定要有表示地点的先行词,where是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语。
where引导状语从句时,where是从属连词,where引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词,where前面没有表示地点的先行词。
例如:
a.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyears,hereturnedtothesmalltownwherehegrewupasachild.
b.Youshouldmakeitaruletoleavethingswhereyoucanfindthemagain.
(2).when引导定语从句时,前面一定要有表示时间的先行词,when是关系副词,在从句中作时间状语
a.Wearelivinginanagewhenmanythingsaredoneoncomputer.
b.Thestudentsallstoppedtalking,whentheyheardtheteacher’sfootsteps,
3.定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1)从句所修饰词的不同。
同位语从句所修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词,如belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,possibility,thought,order,suggestion,wish,answer,information,conclusion,decision,discovery,knowledge,law,opinion,problem,promise,proof,question,report,truth,risk等。
定语从句的先行词可以指人、物等。
例如:
(1)Hehastoldusafactthatdrinkingtoomuchdoesharmtoourhealth.(同位语从句)
(2)Wehavenoideathathermotherwasaprofessortenyearsago.(同位语从句)
(3)ThisisthebookthatIboughtyesterday.(定语从句)
2)连接词的作用不同。
连接同位语从句的that只起连接作用,不在从句中担任任何句子成分。
whether和how可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。
关系代词和关系副词除了连接从句的作用外,还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分,常见的关系代词和关系副词有that,which,who,whose,whom,when,where,why,as等。
3)从句作用的不同。
定语从句具有形容词或副词的特点,对先行词起修饰、限定作用,描述先行词的性质或特征,与先行词之间是所属关系。
同位语从句具有名词的特点,对中心词作进一步补充解释,是中心词的具体内容。
例如:
(1)Themanthatyousawjustnowismybother.(定语从句)
(2)Thesuggestionthatthemeetingbeputoffprovedright.(同位语从句)
(3)Thesuggestionthathehadmadeisthatthemeetingbeputoff.(定语从句)
4.定语从句与强调句型的区别
1).强调句型“Itbe+被强调部分+that/who…”是对某部分加强语气,强调语气的连接词只能是that、who,而定语从句中的引导词可以是who、that、whom、when、where等;强调句型如果去掉强调结构Itwas/is...that,原句不缺少任何成分。
强调句中的that是个虚词,没有实在意义,只是起着标志性的结构作用,一般不能省略。
(1)ItwasinthelibrarythatIsawheryesterday.(强调句)
(2)Itistheshopwheremysisterwasrobbedbyamanwithamaskcoveringhisface.(定语从句)
(3)Itwasnotuntil1920thatregularradiobroadcastbegan.(强调句)
(4)Itwas1920whenregularradiobroadcastbegan.(定语从句)
2)有些强调句型中含有一个定语从句,这往往给理解带来一定的难度。
(1)Itwasinthelabthatwassetuplastyearthattheyfinishedtheexperiment.
(thatwassetuplastyear是定语从句,that在从句中作主语,并可被which替换)
(2)Itwasthestudentswhocame
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