高三英语复习专题简单句和复合句.docx
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高三英语复习专题简单句和复合句.docx
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高三英语复习专题简单句和复合句
高考英语复习——简单句和复合句
(一)概述
I.句子的种类
1、按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1)陈述句(DeclarativeSentences):
说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。
Lighttravelsfasterthansound.(说明事实)Thefilmisratherboring.(说明看法)
2)疑问句(InterrogativeSentences):
提出问题。
有以下四种:
a.一般疑问句(GeneralQuestions):
Canyoufinishtheworkintime?
b.特殊疑问句(WQuestions;HQuestions):
Wheredoyoulive?
Howdoyouknowthat?
c.选择疑问句(AlternativeQuestions):
Doyouwantteaorcoffee?
d.反意疑问句(Tag-Questions):
Hedoesn'tknowher,doeshe?
3)祈使句(ImperativeSentences):
提出请求,建议或发出命令,例如:
Sitdown,please.Don'tbenervous!
4)感叹句(ExclamatorySentences):
表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,例如:
Whatgoodnewsitis!
Howbeautifultheparkis!
2、句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:
1)简单句(SimpleSentences):
只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句,例如:
Sheisfondofcollectingstamps.
(主)(谓)
2)并列句(CompoundSentences):
包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句
与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接,例如:
Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.
(主)(谓)(主)(谓)
3)复合句(ComplexSentences):
包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,
从句由从属连词引导,例如:
Thefilmhadbegunwhenwegottothecinema.
主句从句
II.五种基本句型
五种基本句型(BasicSentencePatterns):
英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:
1)主+动(SV)例如:
Iwork.
2)主+系+表(SVP)例如:
Johnisbusy.
3)主+动+宾(SVO)例如:
ShestudiesEnglish.
4)主+动+宾+补(SVOC)例如:
Timewouldprovemeright.
5)主+动+间宾+直宾(SVOiOd)例如:
Mymothermademeanewdress.
(二)三大从句之一:
定语从句
I.知识重点
1.熟练掌握并使用引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词。
2.准确运用介词+关系代词中的介词。
3.区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
II.知识呈现
主从
复合句
用法
分类
说明
例句
定
语
从
句
在
复
合
句
中
担
任
定
语
的
分
句
限制
性定
语从
句(紧
跟先
行词,
不用
逗号
分开)
先行词表人:
关联词为who(主语),whom(宾语),whose(定语,其先行词也可以是“物”),that(可替换who,但不可替换whose)
Themanwho/thatiswaitingformeismyfather.ThegirlwhomwewanttomeetisCarla.
TheboywithwhomIwentshoppingisTom.
Iboughtabookwhosecoverisblack.
Thisisthemanwhosewalletwasstolenyesterday.
先行词表物:
关联词为which,that(主语),(宾语)
Irememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.
Thisisthestreetthroughwhichthecarspass.
先行词表时间:
关联词为when(时间状语)
IstillrememberthedayswhenIstudiedatthisschool.
先行词表地点:
关联词为where(地点状语)
ThisisthehousewhereIoncelived.
先行词为reason(只有reason一个单词),关联词为why
Thereasonwhyhewaslateforschoolyesterdayisunknown.
定
语
从
句
在
复
合
句
中
担
任
定
语
的
分
句
非限制性定语从句(与先行词用逗号隔开,二者关系较松散)
先行词表人:
关联词为who(主语),whom(宾语),whose(定语,其先行词也可以是“物”)
Theman,whowasapopularsinger,diedin2000.
Thehouse,whosewindowsfaceeast,isburneddown.
先行词表物:
关联词为which,(主语,宾语)
Thebridge,whichistheoldestinthiscity,is200metreslong.
先行词表时间:
关联词为when(时间状语)
Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilthenextweek,whentheweathermaybebetter.
先行词表地点:
关联词为where(地点状语)
ThissummerIamgoingtoHangzhou,wherethereisabeautifullake.
as,which修饰整个句子;此种用法中as有“正如,正像”的意思
Asweknow,themoongoesroundtheearth.
Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.
特别提示:
1、关系词的选择
1)一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因,如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时通常不用which等。
2)二看关系词的句法功能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语是作定语还是状语等,如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when,where,why。
注意,不要一看先行词为时间地点原因的名词,就认为一定要用when,where,why来引导定语从句,要注意分清它们在定语从句中充当什么成分。
如:
Iforgetthetimewhenhewillcome.我忘记了他来的时间。
(when引导定语从句,在定语从句中用作状语)
Iforgetthetimethathetoldme.我忘记他告诉我的时间。
(that引导定语从句,在定语从句中用作宾语)
Thereasonwhyhecan’tcomeisthatheisill.(why引导定语从句,在定语从句中用作状语)
Thereasonthathetoldmeisnottrue.(that引导定语从句,在定语从句中用作宾语)
3)看从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句,如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。
2、关系词的辨析
that与which:
两者都可指物,常可互换,其区别是:
(1)引导非限制性定语从句或直接放在介词后作宾语时,要用which。
如:
Peterdrovetoofast,whichwasdangerous.
Thisisasubjectaboutwhichwemightargueforalongwhile.
(2)当先行词为不定代词或被其修饰、受thevery,theonly,thesame等修饰、受形容词最高级或序数词(包括last,next)等修饰、关系词在定语从句中用作表语或先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that。
如:
Allthatcanbedonemustbedone.
Thisistheonlybook(that)Ifinduseful.
Thefirstthingthatyoushoulddoistoworkoutaplan.
Chinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas.
as与which的区别:
(1)引导限制性定语从句时,在such,as,thesame后只能用as,其他情况用which。
如:
Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.他并不像看起来那么傻。
Hesmokesasexpensiveacigaretteashecanafford.他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句时,有时两者可互换,但若位于主语之前,则只能用as如:
Ilivealongwayfromwork,as/whichyouknow.
Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.
另外,as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致,which无此限制。
如:
Hewentabroad,as/whichwasexpected.他出国了,这是大家预料到的。
Hewentabroad,whichwasunexpected.他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。
(不用as)
3、定语从句与并列句
有的考题为了增加难度与试题的灵活性,通常将定语从句与并列句结合起来考查,此时同学们要特别注意句中是否有并列连词and,but等,比较:
(1)Hehastwochildren,andbothof___areabroad.
A.themB.whichC.whomD.who
(2)Hehastwochildren,bothof___areabroad.
A.themB.whichC.whomD.who
第
(1)题选A,第
(2)题选C。
由于第
(1)题中用了并列连词and,从而使整个句子为并列句,and后应是一个独立的简单句,所以选A不选C;第
(2)题没有并列连词and,bothofwhomareabroad.为非限制性定语从句。
III.高考真题
1.(07上海)Hismoviewonseveralawardsatthefilmfestival,__wasbeyondhiswildestdream.
A.whichB.thatC.whereD.it
2.(07山东)—Wheredidyougettoknowher?
—Itwasonthefarm_________weworked.
A.thatB.thereC.whichD.where
3.(07安徽)Lastweek,onlytwopeoplecametolookatthehouse,___wantedtobuyit.
A.noneofthemB.bothofthemC.noneofwhomD.neitherofwhom
4.(07北京)Weshouldn’tspendourmoneytestingsomanypeople,mostof_____arehealthy.
A.thatB.whichC.whatD.whom
5.(07湖南)Byservingothers,apersonfocusesonsomeoneotherthanhimselforherself,___________canbeveryeye-openingandrewarding.
A.whoB.whichC.whatD.that
6.(07江苏)Hewaseducatedatthelocalhighschool,______hewentontoBeijingUniversity.
A.afterwhichB.afterthatC.inwhichD.inthat
7.(07江西)Aftergradutationshereachedapointinhercareersheneededtodecidewhattodo.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.where
8.(07全国I)Somepre-schoolchildrengotoadaycarecenter,_______theylearnsimplegamesandsongs.A.thenB.thereC.whileD.where
9.(07陕西)Today,we’lldiscussanumberofcasesbeginnersofEnglishfailtousethelanguageproperly.
A.whichB.asC.whyD.where
10.(07上海春)Thethoughtofgoingbackhomewaskepthimhappywhilehewasworkingabroad.A.thatB.allthatC.allwhatD.which
11.(07四川)Itisreportedthattwoschools,_______arebeingbuiltinmyhometown,willopennextyear.
A.theybothB.whichbothC.bothofthemD.bothofwhich
12.(07天津)Thosesuccessfuldeafdancersthinkthatdancingisanactivity________sightmattersmorethanhearing.
A.whenB.whoseC.whichD.where
13.(07浙江)Chan’srestaurantonBakerStreet,______usedtobepoorlyrun,isnowasuccessfulbusiness.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.where
14.(07重庆)Humanfacialexpressionsdifferfromthoseofanimalsinthedegree______theycanbecontrolledonpurpose.
A.withwhichB.towhichC.ofwhichD.forwhich
15.(07辽宁)Ericreceivedtrainingincomputerforoneyear,_____hefoundajobinabigcompany.
A.afterthatB.afterwhichC.afteritD.afterthis
16.(06江苏)Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning,meantspendingtensofthousandsofpounds.
A.who B.that C.as D.which
17.(06福建)Lookout!
Don’tgettooclosetothehouse______roofisunderrepair.
A.whose B.which C.ofwhich D.what
18.(06湖南)Wesawseveralnativesadvancingtowardsourparty,andoneofthemcameuptous,____wegavesomebellsandglasses.
A.towhich B.towhom C.withwhom D.withwhich
19.(06重庆)Isawawomanrunningtowardmeinthedark.BeforeIcouldrecognizewhoshewas,shehadrunbackinthedirection____ shehadcome.
A.ofwhich B.bywhich C.inwhich D.fromwhich.
20.(06江西)——Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourselves?
——Yes,there’sonepointwemustinsiston
A.why B.where C.how D./
21.(06北京)Womendrinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeeadayhaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanthose___don’t.
A.who;/ B./;who C.who;who D./;/
22.(06山东)We’rejusttryingtoreachapoint___bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.
A.where B.that C.when D.which
23.(06陕西)ShewaseducatedatBeijingUniversity,___shewentontohaveheradvancedstudyabroad.
A.afterwhich B.fromwhichC.fromthat D.afterthat
24.(06浙江)Iwasgiventhreebooksoncooking,thefirst____Ireallyenjoyed.
A.ofthat B.ofwhich C.that D.which
25.(06辽宁)Iwastoldthattherewereabout50foreignstudents Chineseintheschool,most _____werefromGermany.
A.study;ofwhom B.study;ofthemC.studying;ofthem D.studying;ofwhom
26.(06天津)TheBeatles, manyofyouareoldenoughtoremember,camefromLiverpool.
A.what B.that C.how D.as
27.(06上海春)Youcanfindwhateveryouneedattheshoppingcentre,isalwaysbusyattheweekend.A.that B.where C.what D.which
28.(05全国I.II)Ihavemanyfriends, somearebusinessmen.
A.ofthem B.fromwhich C.whoof D.ofwhom
29.(05北京)—Whydoesshealwaysaskyouforhelp?
—Thereisnooneelse_____,isthere?
A.whototurnto B.shecanturnto C.forwhomtoturnto D.forhertoturn
30.(05上海)Ifashophaschairs____womencanparktheirmen,womenwillspendmoretimeintheshop. A.that B.which C.when D.where
31.(05天津)Lastmonth,partofSoutheastAsiawasstuckbyfloods,from____effectsthepeoplearestillsuffering. A.that B.whose C.those D.what
32.(05重庆)Markwasastudentatthisuniversityfrom1999to2003,____hestudiedveryhardandwasmadeChairmanoftheStudents’Uni
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