基础英语笔记54.docx

基础英语笔记54.docx

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基础英语笔记54

UnitFour

TEXTITheInvisiblePoor

V.KeyPointsoftheText

Paragraph3

perennial:

lastingthroughthewholeyear;lastingforeverorforalongtime持久的，长久的

E.g.:

theperennialsnowfields终年积雪的原野

theperennialbluejeans四季都穿的牛仔裤

aperennialinvalid长期病人

theperennialproblemsofisolationinoldage始终未能解决的老年人孤独问题

Paragraph4

offthebeatentrack/path:

notwell-known;notoftenvisited去的人不多的，鲜有人涉足的；不出名的;离开常规；不落俗套

beaten:

（ofapath,track,etc.）thatisgivenshapebythefeetofthosewhopassalongit（路）被踏平的,走出来的,人们常走的

E.g.:

Wefollowedawell-beatenpaththroughtheforest.我们沿着人们常走的小路穿过了森林。

E.g.:

avacationspotthatisoffthebeatentrack僻静的度假处

gooffthebeatentrack打破常规

turnpike（AmE）:

alsopike,turnpikeroad,aspecialroadfortheuseoffast-travelingvehicles,especiallysucharoadwhichonehastopaytouse高速公路

•rut:

deepnarrowmarksortracksleftinsoftgroundbythewheelofavehicle车辙

•ruttedroads:

roadswithdeep,narrowmarksmadebythewheelsofvehicles有车辙的路；凹凸不平的路

•E.g.:

beinarut墨守成规，也成不变

•get/fallintoarut陷入老一套，开始墨守成规

•fallintoaconversationalrut开始了老调重弹的谈话

•getoutofone’srut摆脱陈规旧习

•arunawaysweatshop:

aout-and-outsweatshop彻头彻尾的血汗工厂

•runaway:

outofcontrol摆脱控制的；控制不住的

•E.g.:

arunawayoilwell喷流不止的油井

•runawayinflation（脱缰野马似的）恶性通货膨胀

•therunawaycostofgrain飞涨的谷物价格

Paragraph5

•run-down:

oldandbroken;inbadcondition失修的，破败的；衰败的

•E.g.:

arun-downoldhouse破败的旧屋

•Thisneighborhoodisgettingrun-down.附近这一带正在日渐衰落。

•beexemptfrom:

befreedfromaduty,service,payment,etc.被豁免；被免除

•E.g.:

Charitableorganizationsareexemptfromtaxation.

•Johnisexemptfromphysicaleducationbecauseofpoorhealth.

•strain:

astateinwhichoneisgreatlytroubledbyanxietyanddifficulty极度紧张；重负；过劳

•E.g.:

Youngpeopleareundergreatstrainduringtheexaminationperiod.

•Examinationsofallkindsputagreatstrainonyoungpeople.

•tension:

（afeelingof）nervousness,anxiety,worry,orpressure（精神上的）紧张

•E.g.:

Beforetheinterview,Janetsufferedfromalotofnervoustension.

•Hefelthelplessunderthetensionofwaitingforthenews.

•underprivileged:

（ofpeople）nothavingtheadvantagesofordinaryperson’slife;lackingingoodchancesforeducation,sociallife,etc.贫困的；社会经济地位低下的；生活水平低下的

•E.g.:

childrenfromunderprivilegedhomes贫困家庭的孩子

•anunderprivilegednation生活水平低下的国家

•underprivilegedareasofacity城市的贫民区

Paragraph6

•theywillbefunctioningagenerationhence:

thenormalandobviouscausesoftheinvisibilityofAmericanpoorwillstillholdtrueinagenerationfromnow

•function:

operate,work

•E.g.:

Isthemachine/computer/telephonefunctioning?

•hence:

fromnow

•E.g.:

threedays/aweek/twomonthshence

•slip:

movesecretlyorunnoticed

•E.g.:

Thewetsoapslippedoutofmyhand.

•Hersecretslippedoutwithoutherknowing.

•Daysslippedbyandheaccomplishedverylittle.

•Don’tletgoodopportunitiesslipthroughyourfingers.

Paragraph7

•foray:

literallymeans“asuddenattackintoanenemyareabyasmallnumberofsoldierstodamageorseizearms,foot,etc.”突袭；闪电式侵扰

•E.g.:

Thesoldierswentonaforayatthecommandoftheofficer.

•makeaforayonatown对一城镇进行突袭

•Foray’sextendedmeaningis“ashortattempttobecomeactiveinanactivitythatisquitedifferentfromone’susualactivity.”Whattheauthormeanshereisthatvisitstotheslumsmadebythemiddleclassatusualtimesarerare,butatChristmastime,therewouldbesomevisits.冒险；涉足ashortunexpectedvisit短暂的访问

•E.g.:

thepresident’sthree-dayforayintotheSouth总统对南方3天短暂的访问

•Fromtimetotimehemadeforaystothepavementbooksellers.他常常涉足街头书摊

•ghetto:

asectionofacityortownwhereliveminoritypeoplewhoarenotacceptedassocialequalsbythemajorityofitscitizens少数民族聚居区

•Comparesynonymsofghetto:

•slum:

adistrictinacityortownwherelivingconditionsaredirtyandunhealthy,andwherepoorpeoplelive贫民窟

•shantytown:

apartofacityortownmadeupofpoorly-builthuts,cabins,orhouses棚户区

Paragraph8

•thefailures:

peoplewhofailindoingwhattheyexpecttodo;unsuccessfulpeople

Paragraph9

•assume:

takesomethingasafactorastruewithoutproof;suppose

•E.g.:

Hewasabsentatthepicnic.Iassumethathe’dforgottenallaboutit.

•Assumingthatitrainstomorrow,shallwechangeourplan?

Paragraph10

•compound:

makeworsebyadding（something）to…（oftenusedinthepassive）增加；加重

•E.g.:

compoundaproblem使问题复杂化

•compounddifficulties（losses）加重困难（损失）

•Hisdifficultywascompoundedbyasenseofinsecurity/uncertainty.

•hovel:

asmalldirtyplacetolivein简陋小屋；茅舍；肮脏杂乱的住所

Paragraph11

•Theironyinthis…:

thereverse（stateofaffairs）/theincongruityofthis…

•Ironyrefersto“thesortofeventorresultwhichisjusttheoppositeofwhatonewouldhopeforormeanttohappen”具有讽刺意义的事

Paragraph12

•discern:

tosee,notice,orunderstand,especiallywithdifficulty;perceive看出，识别，觉察

•Thisprocesshasbeenmagnifiedwiththepoorthroughoutthecountry:

Thisprocessofhavingthepoordisappearfromsighthasbeendevelopingrapidlyalloverthecountry.

Paragraph14

•lurid:

sensational,shocking可怕的；惊人的;骇人听闻的；过分渲染得

•E.g.:

luridaccountsofthecarnage骇人听闻的大屠杀报道

•Hepaintedaluridpictureofprisonlife.他把监狱生活描写得十分可怕。

•luridcrimes（stories）耸人听闻的罪行（故事）

Paragraph15

•thedispossessed:

peoplewhohavelostalltheirpossessions.Here,thedispossessedarepeoplewhodonotpossessanything.

•fraternal:

of,belongingto,orlikebrothers兄弟（般）的，友爱的

•E.g.:

fraternalaffection兄弟情谊

•afraternalatmosphere友好气氛

Paragraph16

•thereisnotevenacynicalpoliticalmotiveforcaringabutthepoor,asintheolddays:

Intheolddays,theremightbesomeconcernforthepoorshownbysomepeopletoachievetheirownpurposes.Theirmotiveofdoingsowouldbecynical,ordoubtful.Buttoday,thereisnoteventhatkindofconcern.

Paragraph17

•reservoir:

alargesupply,especiallyonethathasnotyetbeenused贮藏，蓄积，大量供应

•E.g.:

anoilreservoir油槽

•Historyisareservoirofhumanexperience.历史是人类经历的总汇。

•haveagreatreservoirofknowledge有广博的知识

•menace:

somethingwhichsuggestsathreatorbringsdanger威胁

•articulatetheneedsofthepoor:

expressclearlyandeffectivelytheneedsofthepoor

•articulate:

expressthoughtsandfeelingsclearly

•E.g.:

Hewassodespondent（沮丧的，泄气的）thathecouldhardlyarticulatehisdistress.

•Articulateisoftenusedinlanguagelearning,meaning“pronouncedistinctly,clearly,andcarefully.”

•E.g.:

Josephinearticulateseverywordcarefully.Shehasgoodarticulation.

Paragraph18

•intheoldrhetoricofreform:

reformintheolddaysthatwasstatedinalanguagethatwasfinetohearorreadbutthatreallydidnotmeanmuch以往粉饰太平的改革

•Rhetoricinitsgeneralsensemeans“theartofspeakingorwritinginawaythatislikelytopersuadeorinfluencepeople.”Butinthiscontext,rhetoricisusedinitsderogatorysense,meaning“speechorwritingthatsoundsfineandimportant,butisreallyinsincereorwithoutmeaning.”

VI.SAtoOrganizationandDevelopment,P.50,Student’sBook

•Para.5:

Theword“too”indicatesfurtherance.Inthiscase,ittellsthereaderwhattheparagraphdealswithissimilartowhathasbeendealtwith.Thefactis,inthisparagraph,wefindanotherperennialreasonwhypovertyisinvisibleinAmerica.

•Para.6:

Thepronoun“these”canpointbothbackwardandforward.Inthiscaseitpointsbackward,i.e.“these”refertotheperennialreasonsthathavebeenexplainedintheprevioustwoparagraphs.

VI.SAtoOrganizationandDevelopment,P.50,Student’sBook

•Para.8:

“Now”indicatesachangeofdirection.Thewriterisgoingtoturnfromthe“perennial”tothe“present”.

•Para.9:

“Inshort”isusedtosummarize.Whatfollowsisabriefsummaryofwhathasjustbeensaid,i.e.theeffecturbandevelopmenthasontheinvisibilityofthepoor.

VI.SAtoOrganizationandDevelopment,P.50,Student’sBook

•Para.10:

“Thisnewsegregation”referstothesegregationofthepoorfromtheaffluentmentionedintheprevioustwoparagraphs.Thesegregationis“new”becausetherehasbeenthe“old”notorioussegregationofthecoloredpeoplefromthewhite

VI.SAtoOrganizationandDevelopment,P.50,Student’sBook

•Para.11:

Theword“this”in“Theironyinthis”referstothelastsentenceofthelastparagraph.i.e.“Thereisawarmfeelingofsatisfaction,ofprideinthewaythingsareworkingout:

thepoor,itisobvious,arebeingtakencareof”.Cantheybetakencareofwhentheyareeveninvisible?

VI.SAtoOrganizationandDevelopment,P.50,Student’sBook

•Para.12:

“This”in“Thisisanextremelyimportantfactor…”referstothelastsentenceofthelastparagraph,i.e.“Evenpeoplewithterriblydepressedincomescanlookprosperous.”

•Para.13:

Theword“then”herehasnothingtodowithitsbasicmeaning,i.e.aspecificpointoftimeeitherinthepastorinthefuture.Hereitisusedinthesenseof“besides”,showingthatthereisanotherreasonwhythepoorareinvisible.

VI.SAtoOrganizationandDevelopment,P.50,Student’sBook

•Para.15:

“Andfinally”hereis,asusual,usedtoshowthatwehavecometothelastpointinourexposition.Herethewriterisgoingtotellusthatthepoorarenotonlymateriallyandemotionallyinvisible,buttheyarealsopoliticallyinvisible,i.e.theirvoiceisnotheard.

VII.SAtoEx.I,P.36,Workbook

•1.ToenforcehisassertionthattheotherAmericadidexistthoughmostAmericansmightnotbelieveitjustbecausetheyhadneverbeentherepersonally.WhatHarringtonistryingtosayis“Imyselfwas