本科英美概况 Week 8.docx
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本科英美概况 Week 8.docx
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本科英美概况Week8
本科英美概况Week8-9Chapter6CultureandSociety
复习:
Highereducation高等教育,大学教育
J*S
K6B_v(s7|0Therearesome90universities,includingtheOpenUniversity.MostfamousonesareOxfordandCambridge.ThereisalsotheOpenUniversitywhichis“open”toalltobecomestudents,mainlyadultstudents.包括开放大学在内,英国共有90所大学。
最著名的是牛津和剑桥。
还有开放大学,即向所有未来的学生和成人开放。
###PicturesofOxfordUniversity
TheUniversityofOxford,locatedinthecityofOxford,Oxfordshire,England,istheoldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworld.
Itisalsoregardedasoneoftheworld'sleadingacademicinstitutions.
Theuniversitytracesitsrootsbacktoatleasttheendofthe12thcentury,althoughtheexactdateoffoundationremainsunclear.
Afteradisputebetweenstudentsandtownsfolkbrokeoutin1209,someoftheacademicsatOxfordflednorth-easttothetownofCambridge,wheretheUniversityofCambridgewasfounded.
Thetwouniversitieshavesincehadalonghistoryofcompetitionwitheachother.
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##WhatisthemottoofOxford?
DominusilluminatiomeaisthemottooftheUniversityofOxfordandtheopeningwordsofPsalm27,meaningTheLordismylight.Ithasbeeninuseatleastsincethesecondhalfofthe16thcentury,anditappearsontheUniversity'sarms.
“上帝是我的光明”或者是"上帝乃知识之神",表明了学校浓厚的宗教背景和对上帝的信奉。
##PicturesofCambridgeUniversity
TheUniversityofCambridge,locatedinCambridge,England,isthesecond-oldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworld.
TheUniversitygrewoutofanassociationofscholarsinthecityofCambridgethatwasformed,earlyrecordssuggest,in1209byscholarsleavingOxfordafteradisputewithlocaltownsfolkthere.
TheuniversitiesofOxfordandCambridgeareoftenjointlyreferredtoas"Oxbridge."
InadditiontoculturalandpracticalassociationsasahistoricpartofEnglishsociety,thetwouniversitiesalsohavealonghistoryofrivalrywitheachother.
Academically,Cambridgeisconsistentlyrankedintheworld'stop5universities.
##WhatisthemottoofCambridge?
剑桥大学的校训用的是拉丁语:
Hinclucemetpoculasacra
Fromhere,lightandsacreddraughts(literal)
Fromthisplace,wegainenlightenmentandpreciousknowledge(non-literal)
(此乃启蒙之所,智识之源)
##Thestereotypeofthestudents’reputation?
Oxbridgestudentsandacademicshavevariouslybeenstereotypedasintelligent,resourceful,随机应变andambitious,aswellaspretentious,自命不凡arrogant,andinward-looking.
TherearesometimesaccusationsinBritainthatstudentsfromlessaffluentbackgroundsareatadisadvantagewhenapplyingtoOxbridge,andthatthetwouniversitieshavekepttheirtraditionalreputationofbeingsociallyexclusiveandelitist.Thisisstronglydeniedbybothuniversities.
##TheBoatRace赛舟
TheBoatRace,alsoknownastheUniversityBoatRaceandTheOxfordandCambridgeBoatRace,isarowingraceinEnglandbetweentheOxfordUniversityBoatClubandtheCambridgeUniversityBoatClub.ItisrowedannuallyeachspringontheThamesinLondon.Theeventisapopularone,notonlywiththealumnioftheuniversities,butalsowithrowersingeneralandthepublic.
Thefirstracewasin1829andithasbeenheldannuallysince1856,withtheexceptionofthetwoworldwars.
Membersofbothteamsaretraditionallyknownasbluesandeachboatasa"BlueBoat",withCambridgeinlightblueandOxforddarkblue.
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###TheOpenUniversity
WaltonHall,MiltonKeynesinBuckinghamshire
TheOpenUniversityistheUK'sdistancelearninggovernment-supporteduniversitynotableforhavinganopenentrypolicy,i.e.students'previousacademicachievementsarenottakenintoaccountforentrytomostundergraduatecourses.
Itwasestablishedin1969andthefirststudentsenrolledinJanuary1970.
ThemajorityofstudentsarebasedintheUK,butitscoursescanbestudiedanywhereintheworld.
TheadministrationisbasedatWaltonHall,MiltonKeynesinBuckinghamshire,buthasregionalcentresineachofitsthirteenregionsaroundtheUK.
ItalsohasofficesinotherEuropeancountries.TheUniversityawardsundergraduateandpostgraduatedegrees,aswellasnon-degreequalificationssuchasdiplomasandcertificates,orcontinuingeducationunits.
Withmorethan180,000studentsenrolled,includingmorethan25,000studentsstudyingoverseas,itisthelargestacademicinstitutionintheUKbystudentnumber,andqualifiesasoneoftheworld'slargestuniversities.
###Religion宗教
1.EveryoneinBritainhastherighttoreligiousfreedomwithoutinterferencefromthecommunityortheState.Hemaychangehisreligionatwillmaymanifesthisfaithinteaching,worshipandobservance.ExceptthattheLordChancellormaybeaRomanCatholic,publicofficesareopenwithoutdistinctiontomembersofallchurchesornone.
在英国,人人都有信仰宗教的权利,社会和政府不得干涉。
他可以随意改变宗教信仰,可以在教职,礼拜或仪式中表明他的信仰。
除了娃哈哈官不可以是罗马天主教徒外,公共职务对各种信仰或没有信仰的人一律公开。
2.Establishedchurches
国教
TherearetwoestablishedchurchinBritain:
inEnglandthechurchofEnglandandScotlandtheChurchofEngland.
英国有两大国教,在英格兰是英格兰国教,苏格兰是苏格兰教会(长老教)。
3.ChurchofEnglandisuniquelyrelatedtotheCrowninthattheSovereignmustbeamemberofthatChurchandas“DefenderoftheFaith”.TheChurchisalsolinkedwiththeStatethroughtheHouseofloads.ThechurchofEnglandisnotfreetochangeitsformofworship,aslaiddownintheBookofCommonPrayerwithouttheconsentofParliament.
英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系。
因为君主作为“国教的捍卫者”必须是此教会的一员,他在登基时必须承诺维持国教。
国教还通过上议院与政府联系。
没有议会同意,英格兰教会不可随意改变“国教祈祷书”中规定的礼拜仪式。
4.ThegovernmentoftheChurchofScotlandisPresbyterian,thatis,governmentbyministersandelders,allofwhomareordainedtooffice.TheMonarchisnormallyrepresentedatthegeneralassemblybytheLordHighCommissioner.
英格兰教的管理时长老制,也就是由教士和长老治理。
他们被授予圣职,王室高级代表通常代表君主光临会议。
5.Unestablishedchurches
非国教教会
Thereareinclude:
theAnglicanChurches(圣公会),theFreeChurches(自由教),theRomanCatholicChurch(罗马天主教)。
IV.FestivalandPublicHolidays
节假日
TheChristianfestivaloftheyearandChristmas,Easter,andWhitSunday.
其主要的节日有圣诞节,复活节,圣灵降临节
Symbolsofsomeofthemorecommonreligions.Fromlefttoright,startingattop:
Christian,Jewish,Hindu,Muslim,Buddhist,Shinto,Sikh,Baha'i,Jain.
##Christian
ChristianityisamonotheisticreligioncenteredonthelifeandteachingsofJesusaspresentedintheNewTestament.
Christianityiscomposedof,butnotlimitedto,fivemajorbranchesofChurches:
Catholicism,EasternOrthodox,OrientalOrthodox,AnglicanandProtestant;somegroupingsincludeAnglicansamongstProtestants.
AChristiandenomination基督教宗教派别isanidentifiablereligiousbodyunderacommonname,structure,anddoctrinewithinChristianity.
Worldwide,Christiansaredivided,oftenalongethnicandlinguisticlines,intoseparatechurchesandtraditions.Technically,divisionsbetweenonegroupandanotheraredefinedbydoctrineandchurchauthority.
##Catholic天主教isthelargestdenomination,comprisingjustoverhalfofChristiansworldwide.
TheCatholicChurchtracesitsfoundationtoJesusandthetwelveApostles.ItseesthebishopsoftheChurchasthesuccessorsoftheapostlesandthepopeinparticularasthesuccessorofPeter,theleaderoftheapostles.
CatholicsciteJesus'wordsintheGospelaccordingtoMatthew,tosupportthisview:
"...youarePeter,andonthisrockIwillbuildmychurch...Iwillgiveyouthekeystothekingdomofheaven.Whateveryoubindonearthshallbeboundinheaven;whateveryoulooseonearthshallbeloosedinheaven."
###Protestantdenominationscompriseabout40%ofChristiansworldwide,andtogethertheCatholics,Protestants,Anglicans,andcloselyrelateddenominationscomposeWesternChristianity.
TheProtestantReformationwasaChristianreformmovementinEurope.Itisthoughttohavebegunin1517withMartinLuther'sNinety-FiveThesesandmaybeconsideredtohaveendedwiththePeaceofWestphaliain1648.
ThemovementbeganasanattempttoreformtheCatholicChurch.ManywesternCatholicsweretroubledbywhattheysawasfalsedoctrinesandmalpracticeswithintheChurch,particularlyinvolvingtheteachingandsaleofindulgences.
AnothermajorcontentionwasthepracticeofbuyingandsellingchurchpositionsandwhatwasseenatthetimeasconsiderablecorruptionwithintheChurch'shierarchy.Thiscorruptionwasseenbymanyatthetimeassystemic,evenreachingthepositionofthePope.
Theprocessofreformhaddecidedlydifferentcausesandeffectsinothercountries.InEngland,whereitgaverisetoAnglicanism,theperiodbecameknownastheEnglishReformation.
##Anglican圣公会
AnglicanismisatraditionofChristianfaith.ChurchesinthistraditioneitherhavehistoricalconnectionstotheChurchofEnglandorhavesimilarbeliefs,worshipandchurchstructures.
TheArchbishopofCanterburyisthechiefbishopandprincipalleaderoftheChurchofEngland.
(ThecurrentArchbishopofCanterbury,DrRowanWilliams.)
ThewordAnglican,amedievalLatinphrasedatingtoatleast1246meaningtheEnglishChurch.Inthefirsthalfofthe17thcenturytheChurchofEnglandandassociatedEpiscopalchurchesinIrelandandinEngland'sAmericancolonieswerepresentedbysomeAnglicandivinesascomprisingadistinctChristiantradition,
TheChristiandoctrineoftheTrinityteachestheunityofFather,Son,andHolySpiritasthreepersonsinoneGodhead.
###2.TheMedia
BBCTelevisionisaserviceoftheBritishBroadcastingCorporationwhichbeganin1932.TheBritishBroadcastingCorporationhasoperatedintheUnitedKingdomunderthetermsofaRoyalChartersince1927.
TheCorporation'sprimarynetwork,broadcastingmainstreamcomedy,drama,documentaries,films,news,sport,andsomech
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