英语研究论文写作常识.docx
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英语研究论文写作常识.docx
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英语研究论文写作常识
英语研究论文写作常识(仅供参考):
I.摘要写作要点:
中心论题、研究背景、研究目的、理论支撑、研究对象、方法、步骤、样本抽取、研究发现、研究意义。
2.APA论文格式的摘要写作要求(供参考)
Inwritingtheabstract,usenomorethan120words.(Rememberthatthewholepointofabstractingistocondense.)Theabstractalwaysfallsonpage2,thepageafterthetitlepage.Itshouldhavearunningheadandpagenumber.Centerthetitle“Abstract”(withoutquotationmarks)oneinchfromthetopofthepage.
Theabstractshouldobservethefollowingconventions:
1)Reflectaccuratelythepurposeandcontentofyourpaper.
2)Explainbrieflythecentralissueorproblemofyourpaper.
3)Summarizeyourpaper’smostimportantpoints.
4)Mentionthemajorsourcesused.
5)Stateyourconclusionsclearly.
6)Becoherentsothatitiseasytoread.
7)Remainobjectiveinitspointofview.
II.目录写作要点:
体现论文的结构及论证过程:
Contents
PartOneIntroduction..............................................................................1
1.1ResearchBackground....(研究背景)..............................................1
1.2TheoriesonLanguageandCulture(理论与方法简要介绍)...2
1.3ResearchPurpose,SignificanceandStructureoftheThesis...(研究目的、意义.及论文结构)..............................................................2
PartTwoKinship-termDifferencesinChineseandEnglish……….3
2.1TheoriesonLanguageandCulture.(理论支撑?
可以独立成章)....3
2.1.1RelationbetweenLanguageandCulture..............................4
2.1.2CultureattheMaterial,InstitutionalandPsychologicalLevels...................................................................................4
2.2SpecificKinshipTermsVS.GeneralKinshipTerms....................6
2.3ExtendedFamilyVS.NuclearFamily(研究对象,样本抽取).......9
PartThreeCulturalInterpretationattheThreeLevels………......12
3.1GeographicalDistinctionattheMaterialLevel...........................12
3.1.1AContinentalEconomy......................................................12
3.1.2AnOceanicEconomy.........................................................13
3.2EthicalInclinationattheInstitutionalLevel...............................14
3.2.1Moral-OrientationinChina................................................14
3.2.2Law-OrientationinWesternCountries...............................15
3.3SpiritualSupportatthePsychologicalLevel...............................16
3.3.1Confucianism:
aHierarchicalDoctrine..............................16
3.3.2Christianity:
anEqualConception..(论证)....................17
PartFourConclusion....(研究发现)................................................19
Notes......................................................................................................21
Bibliography.........................................................................................22
Acknowledgements..............................................................................24
Appendix...............................................................................................25
III.正文写作要点:
(Thetext)
1.Introduction
Theintroductionmaycontainafewparagraphs,including:
1)Definingyourspecifictopic;
2)Suggestingthesignificanceofyourresearch;
3)Developingabriefdiscussionofrelevantliteratureonthetopic;
4)Historicalbackground;
5)Statingyourpositiontoestablishthedirectionofthestudytopointtowardsyourconclusions;
6)Brieflyintroducingeachpartofyourthesis;
(注意:
主要是提出问题和观点;对于上述的引言要点和叙述顺序可以根据情况灵活运用)
2.Body
Alogicaldevelopmentofyouroutlinesubdivisionsandrequiresorderlypresentationofideas,well-developedargumentsandproperdocumentation,whichtogetherguaranteeunity,coherence,clarityandaccuracyofyourpaperwithathoroughanalysis,bringingaconclusionfromknownfacts,premises,data,etc.
3.Conclusion
Focusonyourtopic,asummaryofyourwholethesisorrestatementofyourthesis,butitisnotasimplerepetition,butaconcisewell-organizedconclusionintheory,includingstatementofthesubject’ssignificance,toletreadersknowthevalueofyourstudy;putforwardasolutionofaproblem,etc.
(Remembertoavoidadditionalideas,irrelevantinformation,oraskingquestionsthatraisenewissues,etc.注意:
在结论部分,避免提出论文以外的观点,不相干内容、问题等)
IV.DocumentationandBibliography
1.Basicconcepts
1)Documentation:
Documentationreferstofurnishingthepaperwithexactreferencestoauthoritativesupportinginformation.Allacademicpapersshouldbewelldocumentedtocrediteachandeverysourcematerialthatisborrowedorreferredtointhetext.
Documentationconsistsoftwopartsindifferentforms:
in-textdocumentationandextra-textdocumentation;theformertakingtheformofin-textcitationorin-textnumbering,whilethelattertakingtheformofnotesandabibliographyattachedtothetextasintegralparts.
2)In-textcitation
In-textcitationmeansquotingormentioninginthetextothersourcematerials(putinparentheses)asevidencetothepaperwriter’sideasorargumentsoncertainissues.
3)In-textnumbering
In-textnumberingmeansreferringtothesourcematerialsbysuperscript(Arabic)numeralsarrangedconsecutivelywithinthetext,whicharealwayssupplementedbyfootnotesorendnotes.
4)Notes
Notesarebriefcommentsorexplanationsorreferencesgivingevidenceorsupporttothepaperwriter’sargumentsinthetext.Theymaybeclassifiedintodocumentationnotesandcontentnotesaccordingtotheirmeaningsorfunctions,footnotesandendnotesaccordingtotheirlocations.
Asmentionedabove,notesmaybedividedintodocumentationnotesandcontentnotesaccordingtotheirfunctions,orfootnotesandendnotesaccordingtotheirlocations.Footnotesandendnotesarebothusedinthetraditionalstyleofdocumentation,butasendnotesaremoremanageabletothepaperwriterandlessdistractingtothereader,theyarepreferabletofootnotesandarequitepopularwithuniversitystudentsintheiracademicresearchpaperwriting.Bothfootnotesandendnotesmustmatchthenumberingofin-textcitations.
Notesprovidethefollowingitemsofinformationaboutthesourcematerials,andareputinthegivenorder.
a.Name(s)oftheauthor(s)(GivennamesprecedefamilynamesforWesternauthorswhereasfamilynamesprecedegivennamesforChineseauthors);
b.Titleofthecitedarticle/poem/story/chapter/sectionofabook(inquotationmarks);
c.Titleofthecitedbook/journal/periodical/magazine/newspaper(initalicsifprintedorunderlinedifhandwritten/typed);
d.Name(s)oftheeditor(s)(precededby“ed.”),translator(s)(precededby“trans.”),orcompiler(s)(precededby“comp.”);
e.Editionofthebook;
f.Numberofvolumesofabookifallthevolumesarecited;
g.Placeofpublicationfollowedbyacolon,nameofthepublisherfollowedbyacomma,anddateofpublication(alltogetherputinparentheses);
h.Volumenumberifthereferenceisamulti-volumework;
i.Pagenumber(s),with“page(s)”abbreviatedto“p.”/“pp.”followedbyaspaceandthenumberorthehyphenatednumbers(e.g.pp.10-20)
Rulesforthenumberingofin-textcitations
a.In-textcitationsarenumberedconsecutivelybeginningwith.
b.Thenumberisputrightafterthepartofthesentencewherethecitationends.
c.SuperscriptArabicnumeralsareused.
d.Thenumberisputafterallpunctuationmarks.
5)Documentationnotes
Theyarebriefnotesthatacknowledgethesourcematerialsborrowedinthetext,mostlytakingtheformofin-textcitation,especiallyintheMLAstyleandtheAPAstyle.Buttheymayalsobelistedatthebottomofthepageorattheendofthepaperinthetraditionalstyleofdocumentation.
6)Contentnotes
Contentnotesareputeitheratthebottomofthepageasfootnotes,orattheendofthepaperasendnotes.Theyprovidewhateversupplementaryinformationneededtoreinforceevidenceorclarifythesourcesreferredtointhetext,givingmattersrelatedtotheresearch,explainingsomepointofview,offeringstatistics,acknowledgingassistanceorsupport,etc.
Forexample:
a.“Australia’SFolkSongs”,TwentiethCentury:
AnAustralianQuarterlyReview,Vol.1,No.1.
(Specifyingthesource)
b.AphraseusedbyliteraryandsocialcriticA.A.Philipsinhisarticle,“TheCulturalCringe,”Meanjin,IV.1950,todescribeasenseofinferiorityfeltbyAustralianwritersandartistswhenfacedwith‘‘theintimidatingmassofAnglo-Saxonculture”.
(Givingexplanation)
c.SeeJ.D.Lang,TransportationandColonization,etc.London,1837,pp.iv-vi:
R.Therry,Reminiscences,etc.,London,1863,p.146;andT.PotterMacqueen,AustraliaAsSheIsandAsSheMayBe,London,1840,p.17.
(Givingrelatedmatters)
d.FordetailsoftheGardiner’s“case”anditstreatmentinParliament.seeVotesandProceedingsLegislativeAssemblyofNewSouthWales,1873—1874,vo1.2,pp.189-245;andSydneyMorningHeraldandEmpirefilesforJune1874.
(Supplyingfurtherreferences)
e.E.G.RCunningham,TwoYearsinNewSouthWales,etc.,2vo1s..London
(3rded.1828),vo1.1,pp.57-58.
(Citingexamples,作者名在前,姓在后)
f.Between1871and1891thedistributionofthepopulationinNewSouthWaleschangedasfollows:
Sydney&SuburbsOtherTownsRural
1871137,776=27.5%97,037=19.3%266,766=53.2%
1891383,283=343%346,736=31.0%388,231=34.7%
(Providingstatistics)
g.Cf.JamesBairdwhoarguesthatthewhitenessofMelville’swhaleis“thesignoftheall-encompassingGod”(p.257).
(“cf.”meansmakingcomparison)
h.FundstofinancethisresearchweregraciouslyprovidedbytheThompson-MonroeFoundation.
(Acknowledgingsupport)
7)Bibliography
Abibliographyisalistofworksreferredtointhetextorconsultedbythepaperwriterintheproductionofthepaper.
Bibliographyisindispensabletoallacademicresearchpapers.Itlistsinthealphabeticalorderallthereferencemate
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