An introduction to the study of the contemporary world history.docx

An introduction to the study of the contemporary world history.docx

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Anintroductiontothestudyofthecontemporaryworldhistory

Anintroductiontothestudyofthecontemporaryworldhistory（1905–1945）

&Thislectureconcentratesongeneralmovementsaffectingtheworldasawhole,todescribetheunderlyingforcesofhistory:

populationgrowth,thetechnologicalrevolution,nationalism,imperialism,wars,revolutionsandthelike.

&Theenormousimpactmadebysocialandeconomicchangesinthe20thcenturyhavetobedealtwith.

&Thefirsthalfofthe20thcenturywasaperiodduringwhichintercontinentalrivalriesfrequentlyplayaroleinworldhistory,theinterrelationshipshavetobepreciselyshowed.

&IndustrialpowerceasedtobeavirtualEuropeanmonopoly.

&Twodevastatingwarsoccurred,thefirstfurtheredthetriumphofthenewrevolutionaryideologyofcommunism.

&ThesignificanceoftheSecondWorldWarisparticularlyemphasized.

mainpoints,contentsandclues

Historicalepochsdonotcoincidestrictlywithcenturies.Althoughthebeginningofcontemporaryworldistoobetterdatedto1871,theyearof1905issignificantlyimportance.

Thereasonsareasfollows

a.Theendoftheimperialistwarsin1905meantthebeginningofimperialist,orJingoismdominationoftheworld.

b.TheRussianRevolutionin1905exertedagreatinfluencetothelaterdevelopmentintheworld.

c.AlbertEinsteinandhistheoryofrelativitypublishedin1905,whichcausedrevolutionbothinscientificandinhumanitarianareas,andthushavebeenchangingtheworld.

Thereforetheyearof1905marksthebeginningofanewera.

A.Thesetting

a.OntheEuropeancontinent,GermanunificationupsetthebalanceofpowerintheEurope.Germanyhadbecomebyfarthemostpowerfulmilitarynationandwasrapidlyadvancingindustrially.

b.InEasternAsia,duringthe1890s,amodernizedJapanwagedherfirstsuccessfulwarofaggressionagainstChina.

c.IntheAmericas,thefoundationswerelaidfortheemergenceoftheUnitedStatesasasuperpowerlaterinthecentury.

d.TheUnitedStatesnolongerfeltsecureinisolationandsoughtforworldhegemony.

e.AfricawasfinallypartitionedbetweentheEuropeanpowers.Theseweresomeoftheportentsindictingthegreatchangestocomeinthenewcentury.

f.Thereweremanymore.

B.Progress

&SomeprogresswasachievedinEurope.

&Increasingly,provisionswasmadetohelpthemajorityofthepeoplewhowerepoor,nodoubtinpartcutthegroundforsocialistrevolutionandinpartinresponsetotradeunionandpoliticalpressuresbroughtaboutbythewideningfranchiseintheWest.

&PensionsandinsuranceforworkerswerefirstinstitutedinGermanunderBismarkandspreadtomostoftherestofWesternEurope.

&Medicalcaretooimprovedintheexpandingcities.

&Limitssettingonthehoursandkindofworkchildrenwereallowedtoperform.

&Universaleducationbecamethenorm.Theadvancesmadeinthelaternineteenthcenturywereinmanywaysextendedafter1900.

&Althoughmanynationalconstitutionsdiffered,democracywaspartlygaininginthenewcentury.ThemajorityofmenwereenfranchisedinWesternEuropeandtheUnitedStates.

&ParliamentaryassemblieswereelectedintheWest,whichallowedpeoplesomeinfluence–governmentbythewillofpeople,atleastinappearance.

&Anotheracceptedpolicywastheruleoflaw,theprovisionofanindependentjudiciarymetingoutequaljusticetorichandpoor,thepowerfulandtheweak.

&Practicemightdifferfromtheory,butjusticewaspresentedasblindfolded:

justicetoall,withoutfavorstoany.

&ButthelimitedprogresstowardsequalrightsachievedintheWestearlyinthetwentiethcenturywasnotmirroredintherestoftheworld.

C.Problems:

&Modernizationwascreatingnewindustrialandpoliticalconflictsanddividingsociety.

&Socialtensionsdeveloped.

&Fiercenationalism,thebuild-upofvastarmiesandnavies,andunquestionedpatriotismthatregardedwarasanopportunitytoprovemanhoodratherthanacatastrophecharacterizedthemoodasthenewcenturybegan.

Topicforclassdiscussion:

&TracetheDreyfusAffairsandrelatedittonationalism,militarism,andanti-Semitism.

&Wantonmassacresofethnicminorities,suchasthatoftheArmeniansbytheTurksinthe1890s,arousedwidespreadrevulsionandpromotedgreat-powerintervention.ThepogromsinRussiaandRomaniaagainsttheJewswerecondemnedbycivilizedpeoples.

D.WesternImperialism:

a.Europeaninfluenceovertherestoftheworldgrewinthenineteenthcentury,asaresultoftheworldmarketeconomy,theexpansionofaspectsofindustrialization,andthespreadofpeoplethroughemigration.

b.Butinthelastthirdofthecentury,influencechangedtoactiveconquestandclaimofterritoryinAsiaandAfrica.

1.WhycouldtheWestconquesttheWorld?

&AsiansandAfricanswereunabletocounteractWesternmilitaryandtechnologicalsuperiority.

&Thenewimperialistsstatedthattheeconomicnecessitiesofindustrializednationscouldacquiredonlybyannexingoverseasterritories.

2.FactorscontributingtotheEuropeanexpansion

⏹Exploitation

⏹aggressivenationalism,

⏹nationalcompetitionbetweenEuropeanpowers

⏹humanitarianconcernforothers

⏹individuals’desireforadventure

⏹racismandotherideasofnationalsuperiority

Thefacts

&Fromitsbeginning,profitandgainwerealsospurstothewesternimperialists.

&InthetwentiethcenturyindustrializedEuropecametodependontheimportofrawmaterialsforitsfactories.

&Britainneededvastquantitiesofrawcottontoturnintocloth,aswellasnickel,rubberandcopper.

&Asherpeopleturnedherintotheworkshopoftheworldinthenineteenthcentury,soBritainreliedonfoodfromoverseas,includinggrain,meat,sugarandtea,tofeedthegrowingpopulation.

&SomeoftheseimportscamefromthecontinentofEuropecloseby,therestfromfarfield–theAmericas,AustralasiaandIndia.Asthetwentiethcenturyprogressed,oilimportsassumedanincreasingimportance.

&Australasia

&澳大拉西亚：

一个不明确的地理名词,一般指澳大利亚,新西兰及附近南太平洋诸岛,有时也泛指大洋洲和太平洋岛屿

&TheBritishmercantilemarine,theworld’slargest,carriedallthesegoodsacrosstheoceans.

&ColonieswereregardbyEuropeansasessentialtoprovidesecuresourcesofrawmaterials,justasimportant,theyprovidedmarketsforindustrializedEurope’soutput.

&OutsideEuropeonlytheUnitedStatesmatched,andindeedexceeded,thegrowthofEuropeanindustryinthefirstdecadesofthetwentiethcentury.

&EuropeandtheUnitedStatesaccountedforvirtuallyalltheworldtradeinmanufacturedgoods,whichdoubledbetween1900and1913.

&TherewasmaterialsandfoodsuppliedbytheAmericas,AsiaandlessindustrialcountriesofEurope.

&Globalcompetitionfortradeincreasedcolonialrivalryforrawmaterialsandmarkets,andtheUnitedStateswasnotimmunetothefever.

&ThedivisionofAsiaandAfricaintooutrightEuropeanscoloniesentailedalsotheirsubserviencetothenationaleconomicpoliciesoftheimperialpower.

&Amongthesewereprivilegedaccesstocolonialsourcesofwealth,cheaplaborandrawmaterials,dominationofthecolonialmarketand,wherepossible,shuttingoutnationalrivalsfromthesebenefits.

&ThustheUnitedStateswasworriedaboutoftheturnofthecenturyaboutexclusionfromwhatwasbelievedtobethelastgreatmarketintheworld-China.

&Inanimperialistmovementofgreatimportance,AmericasadvancedacrossthePacific,annexingHawaiiandoccupyingthePhilippinesin1898.

&TheUnitedStatesalsoservednoticeofheroppositiontothedivisionofChinaintoexclusiveeconomicregions.

&Overthecentury,aspecialrelationshipdevelopedbetweenAmericaandChinathatwascontributetotheoutbreakofwarbetweentheUnitedStatesandJapanin1941,withallitsconsequencesforworldhistory.

Topicforclassdiscussion:

&Napoleonsaid:

“letChinasleep,whensheawakes,theworldwilltremble.”Hashistoryprovehimright?

ShouldtheUnitedStatesandEuropehave“letChinasleep”?

&By1900mostofAfricaandAsiawasalreadypartitionedbetweentheEuropeannations.WiththeexceptionofChina,whatwaslefttheSamoanislands,MoroccoandthefrontiersofTogo–causedmorediplomaticcrisesthanwaswarrantedbytheimportanceofsuchterritories.

&in1900EuropeansandtheirdescendantswhohadsettledintheAmericas,Australia,andSouthernAfricalookedlikelytodominatetheglobe.

E.Fightingforindependenceandnationhood

&TheWarsofAmericanIndependencedemonstratedthatpeopleinoneregionoftheworldwillnotforeverconsenttoberuledbypeoplesfardistant.

&By1900self-governmentandseparatenationhoodhadbeenwon,throughwarorthroughconsent,byotherdescendantsofEuropeanswhohadbecomeAustralians,Brazilians,Argentineans,CanadiansandsoonSouthAfricans.

&nationhood

&作为一个国家的地位

&ItremainedawidespreadEuropeanillusionthatsuchasenseofindependenceandnationhoodcouldnotdevelopamongtheblackpeoplesofAfricaintheforeseeablefuture.

F.ResistancetoTheEuropeanexpansion

&ThespreadofEuropeanknowledgeunderminedthebasisofimperialistdominance.

&TheChinese,theJapanese,theKoreans,theIndiansandtheAfricanswouldallapplythisknowledge,andgoodswouldbemanufacturedinTokyo,HongKongandShanghaiasophisticatedasthoseproducedanywhereelseintheworld.

&Anewsenseofnationalismwouldbeborn,resistanttoWesterndominanceandfightingitwithWesternscientificknowledgeandweapons.

&Whenindependencecame,oldertraditionswouldreassertthemselvesandsynthesiswiththenewknowledgetoformauniqueamalgamineachregion.

&TheOttomanEmpire,stretchingfromBalkan