自我决定论1.docx
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自我决定论1.docx
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自我决定论1
Self-determinationtheory
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Thisarticleisaboutthepsychologytheory.Fortheself-determinationinpolitics,see Self-determination.
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Self-determinationtheory (SDT)isamacrotheoryofhumanmotivationandpersonality,concerningpeople'sinherentgrowthtendenciesandtheirinnatepsychologicalneeds.Itisconcernedwiththe motivation behindthe choicesthatpeoplemakewithoutanyexternalinfluenceandinterference.SDTfocusesonthedegreetowhichanindividual’sbehaviorisself-motivatedandself-determined.[1]
Inthe1970s,researchonSDTevolvedfromstudiescomparingthe intrinsic and extrinsic motives,andfromgrowingunderstandingofthedominantroleintrinsicmotivationplayedinanindividual’sbehavior[2] butitwasnotuntilmid-1980sthatSDTwasformallyintroducedandacceptedasasoundempiricaltheory.ResearchapplyingSDTtodifferentareasinsocialpsychology hasincreasedconsiderablysincethe2000s.
KeystudiesthatledtoemergenceofSDTincludedresearchonintrinsicmotivation.[3] Intrinsicmotivationreferstoinitiatinganactivityforitsownsakebecauseitisinterestingandsatisfyinginitself,asopposedtodoinganactivitytoobtainanexternalgoal(extrinsicmotivation).Differenttypesofmotivationshavebeendescribedbasedonthedegreetheyhavebeen internalized.Internalizationreferstotheactiveattempttotransformanextrinsicmotiveintopersonallyendorsedvaluesandthusassimilatebehaviouralregulationsthatwereoriginallyexternal.[4]
EdwardL.Deci andRichardM.Ryanlaterexpandedontheearlyworkdifferentiatingbetweenintrinsicandextrinsicmotivationandproposedthreemainintrinsicneedsinvolvedinself-determination.[5][6] AccordingtoDeciandRyan,thethreepsychologicalneedsmotivatetheselftoinitiatebehaviorandspecifynutrimentsthatareessentialforpsychologicalhealthandwell-beingofanindividual.Theseneedsaresaidtobeuniversal,innateandpsychologicalandincludetheneedfor competence, autonomy,and psychologicalrelatedness.[1]
Basictheory[edit]
SDTiscenteredonthebeliefthathumannatureshowspersistentpositivefeatures,thatitrepeatedlyshowseffort,agencyandcommitmentintheirlivesthatthetheorycalls"inherentgrowthtendencies."Peoplealsohaveinnatepsychologicalneedsthatarethebasisforself-motivationandpersonalityintegration.
SDTidentifiesthreeinnateneedsthat,ifsatisfied,allowoptimalfunctionandgrowth:
1.Competence[7][8]
2.Relatedness[9]
3.Autonomy[10][11]
Theseneedsareseenasuniversalnecessitiesthatareinnate,notlearned,andseeninhumanityacrosstime,genderandculture.[12]
DeciandVansteenkisteclaimthattherearethreeessentialelementsofthetheory:
[13]
1.Humansareinherentlyproactivewiththeirpotentialandmasteringtheirinnerforces(suchasdrivesandemotions)
2.Humanshaveinherenttendencytowardgrowthdevelopmentandintegratedfunctioning
3.Optimaldevelopmentandactionsareinherentinhumansbuttheydon’thappenautomatically
Toactualisetheirinherentpotentialtheyneednurturingfromthesocialenvironment.
Ifthishappenstherearepositiveconsequence(e.g.wellbeingandgrowth)butifnot,therearenegativeconsequences.SoSDTemphasiseshumans’naturalgrowthtowardpositivemotivation,howeverthisisthwartediftheirbasicneedsarenotfulfilled.
Needs[edit]
SDTsupportsthreebasicpsychologicalneedsthatmustbesatisfiedtofosterwell-beingandhealth;theseneedscanbeuniversallyapplied.However,somemaybemoresalientthanothersatcertaintimesandwillbeexpresseddifferentlybasedontime,cultureorexperience.
Competence
Seektocontroltheoutcomeandexperiencemastery[14]
Relatedness
Istheuniversalwanttointeract,beconnectedto,andexperiencecaringforothers[9]
Autonomy
Istheuniversalurgetobecausalagentsofone'sownlifeandactinharmonywithone'sintegratedself;however,DeciandVansteenkiste[13] notethisdoesnotmeantobeindependentofothers
Motivations[edit]
SDTclaimstogiveadifferentapproachtomotivation,consideringwhatmotivatesapersonatanygiventimeasopposedtoseeingmotivationasaunitaryconcept.SDTmakesdistinctionsbetweendifferenttypesofmotivationandtheconsequencesofthem.
Intrinsicmotivation[edit]
Intrinsicmotivation isthenatural,inherentdrivetoseekoutchallengesandnewpossibilitiesthatSDTassociateswithcognitiveandsocialdevelopment.
CognitiveEvaluationTheory (CET)[15] isasub-theoryofSDTthatspecifiesfactorsexplainingintrinsicmotivationandvariabilitywithitandlooksathowsocialandenvironmentalfactorshelporhinderintrinsicmotivations.CETfocusesontheneedsofcompetenceandautonomy.
Claimingsocialcontexteventslikefeedbackonworkorrewardsleadtofeelingsofcompetenceandsoenhanceintrinsicmotivations.Deci[11] foundpositivefeedbackenhancedintrinsicmotivationsandnegativefeedbackdiminishedit.VallerandandReid[16] wentfurtherandfoundthattheseeffectswerebeingmediatedbyperceivedcontrol.
Autonomyhowevermustaccompanycompetenceinorderforpeopletoseetheirbehavioursasselfdeterminedbyintrinsicmotivation.Forthistohappentheremustbeimmediatecontextualsupportforbothneedsorinnerresourcesbasedonpriordevelopmentsupportforbothneeds.[17]
CETandintrinsicmotivationisalsolinkedtorelatednessthroughthehypothesisthatintrinsicmotivationwillflourishiflinkedwithasenseofsecurityandrelatedness.GrolnickandRyan[18] foundlowerintrinsicmotivationinchildrenwhobelievedtheirteacherstobeuncaringorcoldandsonotfulfillingtheirrelatednessneeds.
Extrinsicmotivation[edit]
Extrinsicmotivation comesfromexternalsources.DeciandRyan[15] developedOrganismicIntegrationTheory(OIT),asasub-theoryofSDT,toexplainthedifferentwaysinwhichextrinsicallymotivatedbehaviourisregulated.
OITdetailsthedifferentformsofextrinsicmotivationandthecontextsinwhichtheycomeabout.ItisthecontextofsuchmotivationthatconcernstheSDTtheoryasthesecontextsaffectwhetherthemotivationsareinternalisedandsointegratedintothesenseofself.
OITdescribesfourdifferenttypesofextrinsicmotivationsthatoftenvaryintermsoftheirrelativeautonomy:
1.Externallyregulatedbehaviour:
Istheleastautonomous,itisperformedbecauseofexternaldemandorpossiblereward.Suchactionscanbeseentohaveanexternallyperceived locusofcontrol.[10]
2.Introjectedregulationofbehaviour:
describestakingonregulationstobehaviourbutnotfullyacceptingsaidregulationsasyourown.DeciandRyan[19]claimsuchbehaviournormallyrepresentsregulationbycontingentself-esteem,citingegoinvolvementasaclassicformofintrojections.[20] Thisisthekindofbehaviourwherepeoplefeelmotivatedtodemonstrateabilitytomaintainself-worth.WhilethisisinternallydrivenDeciandRyansayintrojectedbehaviourisonanexternallyperceivedlocusofcontrolbecausetheyaren’tperceivedaspartofself.
3.Regulationthroughidentification:
Isamoreautonomydrivenformofextrinsicmotivation.Itinvolvesconsciouslyvaluingagoalorregulationsothatsaidactionisacceptedaspersonallyimportant.
4.IntegratedRegulation:
Isthemostautonomouskindofextrinsicmotivation.Occurringwhenregulationsarefullyassimilatedwithselfsotheyareincludedinaperson'sselfevaluationsandbeliefsonpersonalneeds.Becauseofthis,integratedmotivationssharequalitieswithintrinsicmotivationbutarestillclassifiedasextrinsicbecausethegoalsthataretryingtobeachievedareforreasonsextrinsictotheself,ratherthantheinherentenjoymentorinterestinthetask.
Extrinsicallymotivatedbehaviourscanbeintegratedintoself.OITproposesinternalizationismorelikelytooccurwhenthereisasenseofrelatedness.
Ryan,StillerandLynch[21] foundchildrenwillinternalizeschool’sextrinsicregulationswhentheyfeltsecureandcaredforbyparentsandteachers.
Internalisationofextrinsicmotivationisalsolinkedtocompetence.OITsuggeststhatfeelingsofcompetenceinactivitiesshouldfacilitateinternalisationofsaidactions.[22]
Autonomyisparticularlyimportantwhenitsregulationsaretryingtobeintegratedintoaperson’ssenseofself.Ifanexternalcontextallowsapersontointegrateregulationstheymustfeelcompetent,relatedandautonomous.Theymustalsounderstandintermsoftheirothergoalstheregulationinorderforasenseofautonomytobefacilitated.[23] ThiswassupportedbyDeci,Eghrari,PatrickandLeone[24] whofoundinlaboratorysettingsifapersonwasgivenameaningfulreasonforuninterestingbehaviouralongwithsupportfortheirsenseofautonomyandrelatednesstheyinternalizedandintegratedtheirbehaviour.
Basicneedsandintrinsicmotivation[edit]
White[14] anddeCharms[10] proposedthattheneedforcompetenceand
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