上海大学研究生网络阅读题库含答案.docx
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上海大学研究生网络阅读题库含答案.docx
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上海大学研究生网络阅读题库含答案
课文阅读题库
UNITONETheMagicofLanguage
Themagicalinfluenceoflanguageisathemewhichreverberatesthroughouttheliteraturesandlegendsoftheworld.Language,especiallyinitswrittenform,isthoughttocontainspecialpowers,whichonlytheinitiatedareallowedtounderstandorcontrol.Thebeliefsareoftenlinkedtoamythaboutthedivineoriginsoflanguage,buttheyextendbeyondthis,toinfluencereligiousactivitiesofallkinds,andtoreflectawidespreadprimitivesuperstitionaboutobjectsandeventswhichhaveasymbolicmeaninganduse.
Thebeliefthatwordscontrolobjects,people,andspiritscanbeseenintheuseofmagicalformulae,incantations,litaniesofnames,andmanyotherritesinblackandwhitemagicandinorganizedreligion.Thelanguageisthoughttobeabletocuresickness,keepevilaway,bringgoodtooneselfandharmtoanenemy.Suchlanguageusuallyhastobeusedwithgreatexactitude,ifaneffectistobeobtained:
meticulousattentionispaidtopronunciation,phraseology,andverbaltradition.Thereoftenhastobeagreatdealofrepetition,inordertointensifythepowerofthewords.Thelanguage,however,doesnothavetobeintelligibletohaveitseffect:
manymagicalformulaearemeaninglesstothosewhousethem,butthereisstillgreatbeliefintheirefficacy.
Casesoflinguisticsuperstitionabound.Toprimitivepeoples,thewrittenlanguagemustappeartobeomniscient,whenencounteredforthefirsttime.Severalstoriestellofilliteratepeoplestealinganobjectfromaparcel,andbeingfoundoutwhentheydeliveredthemessagewhichaccompaniedit.Thewriting,itwouldseem,hadavoiceofitsown—orperhapsagodlivedintheletters.Suchideasarefoundthroughouthistory.Thesearchformysticalmeaninginalphabeticscriptcanbeseenintheuseofruniccharms,orinthesystems,stillinuse,whichrelateletterstonumbers.
Atanotherlevel,themystiqueoflanguageissomethingwhichweencounterthroughoutmodernsociety,especiallyinthefieldofadvertising.Conquerors,too,wellknowthepowerthatexistsinwords.Napoleon,itissaid,preferrednewspaperstobattalions.Andwhatbetterwayistheretoremoveanation’sinfluencethantoburnitswritings?
CortezdidthistotheAztecsin1520;andtheNazisandAlliesdidittoeachotherinWorldWarII.
VerbalTaboos
ThewordtaboohasbeenborrowedfromTongan,whereitmeans‘holy’or‘untouchable’.Taboosexistinallknowncultures,referringtocertainacts,objects,orrelationshipswhichsocietywishestoavoid—andthustothelanguageusedtotalkaboutthem.Verbaltaboosaregenerallyrelatedtosex,thesupernatural,excretion,anddeath,butquiteoftentheyextendtootheraspectsofdomesticandsociallife.Forexample,certainanimalsmaybeconsideredtaboo:
theZuñiofNewMexicoprohibittheuseofthewordtakka(‘frogs’)duringceremonies;untilrecently,manysouthernAmericansavoidedthewordbullinpolitespeech,replacingitbyaeuphemism,suchashe-cowormalebeasts;inLappishandYakuts,theoriginalnamefrobearisreplacedbysuchphrasesasourlordorgoodfather,andwolves,weasels,rats,lice,snake,andmanyotheranimalshavebeengivenname-taboosbyvariouscultures.Evenpeoplecanbeaffected:
certainmembersofthefamilyareconsideredtabooamongAustralianaborigines;eitheraspeciallanguagehastobeusedtothem,ortheyarenotdirectlyaddressedatall.
Theuseofataboowordcanleadtoavarietyofsayings,practices,andresponses.Thementionofadeviloruncleanspiritcanevokeaverbalorphysicalreaction,suchasadivineinvocation,orthesignofthecross.Anobscenitycanbethecauseofshockedrecrimination(‘goandwashyourmouthout’),physicalviolence(especiallyif‘ladies’arepresent),orlegalaction(asinthetrialoverthepublicationoftheunexpurgatedD.H.Lawrence’snovel,LadyChatterley’sLover).Theinfluenceoftaboowordscanevenextendacrosslanguageboundaries.IthasbeennotedthatCreekIndiansavoidtheirnativewordsfor‘earth’and‘meat’becauseoftheirphoneticresemblancetoEnglishtaboowords,whichisthedominantlanguagearoundthem.AsimilarphenomenonhasbeenrecordedwithThailearnersofEnglish,whereEnglishyetcloselyresemblesThaijēd(animpolitewordfor‘tohaveintercourse’).AndChinesepeoplecalledLi(acommonfamilyname)canfindtheirnameasourceofembarrassmentinRangoon,inviewoftheBurmesewordli(‘phallus’).
Theusualwayofcopingwithtaboowordsandnotionsistodevelopeuphemismsandcircumlocutions.Hundredsofwordsandphraseshaveemergedtoexpressbasicbiologicalfunctions,andtalkaboutdeathhasitsownlinguisticworld,withitsmorticians,caskets,andinnumerablewaysofdying.Englishexamplesincludetopasson,passover,makeone’sbow,kickthebucket,snuffthecandles,goaloft,andcutthepainter.Frenchhasfermersonparapluie(‘tocloseone’sumbrella’),theindescribablyfinaln’avoirplusmalauxdents(‘tohavenomoretoothache’),andmanymore.
ProperNames
Theuseofwordsaspersonallabelsisamatterofparticularsignificance—afactwhichisearlylearnedbychildren,whoareoftenanxioustoconcealtheirownnames,andwhosoeasilyhurt,andarehurt,byname-calling.Manyprimitivepeopledonotliketoheartheirnameused,especiallyinunfavorablecircumstances,fortheybelievethatthewholeoftheirbeingresidesinit,andtheymaytherebyfallundertheinfluenceofothers.ThedangerisevengreaterinsomeAustraliantribes,wherepeoplearegiventwonames—a‘public’name,forgeneraluse,anda‘secret’name,whichisknownonlytoGod,ortotheclosestmembersoftheirgroup.Togettoknowasecretnameistohavetotalpoweroveritsowner.
TheTodasofsouthernIndiadislikeutteringtheirownnames,totheextentthat,iftheyareaskedfortheirname,theywillasksomeoneelsetogiveit.TheSakalavasofMadagascardonotcommunicatetheirownname,orthenameoftheirvillage,tostrangers,incasemischievoususeshouldbemadeofit.Infolklore,therearemanyexamplesofforbiddennameswhich,whendiscovered,breaktheevilpoweroftheirowners.
Theprocessofpersonalnamingcanevenaffectthewholeofalanguage.Storiesarecommonoftribalchiefswhochangetheirnamewhentheytakeoffice,asaresultofwhichanyeverydaywordswhichresemblethatnamehavetobereplaced,sothatthenamewillnotbeusedininauspiciouscircumstances.Itisreported,forexample,thatwhenQueenRasoherinaoftheAnemerinatribeinMadagascarcametothethrone,thewordsopherina(‘silkworm’)wasforbidden,andreplacedbyzanadandy(‘silk’schild’).
Deathcanleadtomajortabooeffectsontheuseofnames.Often,thenamesofthedeadarenottobeuttered—thoughthismaywellbeoutoffearratherthanrespect:
whileanameendures,itisbelieved,thedeadpersondoesalso,andthosewhoutterthenamebringtheevilofdeathuponthemselves.Insomecultures(suchasthePolynesian),therefore,whenapersondies,otherpeopleofthesamenamehavetoberenamed,or,ifthenamehappenstocorrespondtoawordinthelanguage,thatwordwouldhavetobechanged.Bycontrast,somecultures(suchastheGreenlandic)placegreatstorebythenamesofdeadpeople,whoarethoughttobeunabletorestinpeace,unlessachildhasbeennamedafterthem.Inyetothers,ifachilddies,thenextbythesamemotherwillbecalledbysomeevilname,toshowthedeathspiritthatthechildisnotworthbotheringabout.
Sophisticatedsocietieshavehadtheirsuperstitionstoo.IntheRomanlevies,theauthoritiestookgoodcaretoenrollfirstthosemenwhohadauspiciousnames,suchasVictorandFelix.ThenamesofGreekgodswerecarvedonstoneandsunkinthesea,toguardagainstprofanation.InPlato’sCratylus,debatersworryaboutusingthenamesofgodsasetymologicalexamples,andintheChristianeratherearelongstandingprohibitionsovertakingthenameoftheLord‘invain’.OlderHebrewnamesusuallyhadmeanings,suchasNathaniah(‘Yahwehhasgiven’)orAzzan(‘Strong’).WhenAdrianVIbecamepope,hewasadvisednottoretainhisownnameonthegroundsthatallpopeswhohaddonesohaddiedinthefirstyearoftheirreign.Peopleinthe20thcenturymayfinditeasytodismisssuchattitudes,butthingshavenotgreatlychanged.ItisunlikelythatpopularopinionwouldeverallowanewshiptobenamedTitanic.
1.Themagicpoweroflanguagewaslinkedtoreligion.
2.Witchesorwizardsoftenusesimpleandconcisewordsinceremonies.
3.Inprimitivetimes,peoplebelievedthatwrittenlanguagehadasupernaturalpower.
4.Taboosonlyexistintheprimitivetribes.
5.Thepersonwhousestabooisdoomedtobepunishedbysupernaturalpower.
6.Euphemismsarewordsthatareoftenusedtoreplacethetaboowords.
7.Manyprimitivepeopledonotliketobecalledbytheirnames,becausetheyfeartobecontrolledbyothers.
8.InsomeAustraliantribespeoplehavetwonames,oneisusedonlyathomeandtheotherisusedinchurches.
9.InMadagascarifyouaskthenameofavillage,thevillagersarereadytotellyou.
10.InRomanlegions,soldiersweremorelikelytohaveVictorratherthanFelixastheirnames.
1.Thistextimpliesthatinancienttimes____.
A.peoplehadfoundoutthetruenatureoflanguage
B.peoplehadlearnedalotaboutthenatureoflanguage
C.peopledidn’tbelievethatlanguagecouldcurethesick
D.theliteratepeoplehadahigherstatus
2.Thewordreverberateinline1isclosestinmeaningto_______.
A.recoilB.repeatedlyappear
C.havesoundechoesD.showemphasis
3.Incantationsaremorelikelytobeusedin______.
A.
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